Unit 1 Terms

Applications of the Research Loop involve ______ studies of new research hypotheses, _______ studies of previous research to test the reproducibility fo previous research findings, and _______ studies to test the specificity and generalizability of previous research findings.

________ of psychological knowledge are often called researchers, while ________ of psychological knowledge are often called practitioners.

________ involves detailing characteristics of behaviors of interest, ________ involves establishing that changes in one characteristic or behavior leads to changes in another, and __________ involves demonstrating that characteristic or behaviors are related ro each other.

_______ conclusion comes from empirical research, while ________ comes only from rational induction.

________: Used to prepare items that are "backwards" so that they can be aggregated into a composite score.

The _______ approach is based on the idea that one properly completed study will give us reliable and correct knowledge, while the _______ approach is based on the idea that reliable and correct knowledge is only obtained from repeating the exact and similar studies to find a pattern of consistent results.

________ hypotheses are about the description of characteristics or behaviors, ________ hypotheses are about the statistical relationships between characteristics or behaviors, and _________ hypotheses are about how characteristics or behaviors influence each other.

________ validity is about proper representation of characteristics or behaviors with our data, __________ validity is about correctly deciding whether or not two characteristics or behaviors are related, _______ validity is about causal interpretability, and _________ validity is about generalizability.

Those from a ______ selected sample respond to a general invitation to the sampling frame, while each member of a _______ selected sample is individually chosen from the sampling frame and approached to participate in the research,

_______ is the component of external validity related to who is in the study, ________ is the component related to where the study is conducted, ___________ is the component related to what participants do and interact with during the study, and __________ is the component related to when the study is conducted.

The _______ sample includes all those selected to complete a study, while the ________ sample includes all those who actually complete participation in the study.

A ________ sample is one procedure used to obtain a _________ sample, which "looks like" the target population.

The _______ sample includes all those who actually complete participation in the study, while the _______ sample includes all those selected to complete the study.

A _________ includes all members of the group(s) to which the researcher would like to generalize the results of the research, while the __________ is a list or access process for the group(s).

________ is when the results from a study tells us about a specific combination of population, setting, task/stimuli, and societal/temporal event, while _________ is when the results from a study tell us about a broad range of populations, settings, task/stimuli, and societal/temporal possibilities.

A ________ sample "looks like" the target population, while a _______ sample is one procedure used to obtain this goal.

In a _______ sampling plan each member of a given subsection of the sampling frame has an equal probability of selection, while in a _______ sampling plan each member of the sampling frame has an equal probability of selection.

A _______ sampling frame includes the identity of or access to all members of the target population, while a _______ sampling frame includes the identityof or access to individuals who are expected to represent the target population.

Initial equivalence and ongoing equivalence are the components of ________ validity, while population, setting, task/stimulus, societal/temporal are the components of ________ validity.

________ equivalence is accomplished when all subject variables are controlled and _________ equivalence is accomplished all procedural variables are controlled.

________ validity is about generalizability and _______ validity is about causal interpretability.

A control _______ is not a confound because members of the different treatments have the same average value on this characteristic, whereas, a _______ is not a confound because all participants have the same value on this characteristic.

Participants' different characteristics or behaviors lead them to have different values of ____________ differentiated treatment of participants leads to their having different values of ____________ while all participants have the same value of a _________.

We use ______ blind procedures to ensure that neither participants nor the data collector will know the hypothesis or treatment conditions of the study; We use ______ blind procedures to ensure that the participants will not know the hypothesis or treatment conditions of the study.

________ variables are measured, while _______ variables are manipulated.

_________ designs involves a single treatment or condition, while ___________ designs have different participants in all conditions.

A _________ involves a single treatment condition, while ________ involves at least two treatments or conditions.

A ________ can be an experiment if properly conducted, while a _________ can never be an experiment.

The _____ is the effect Variable and the _____ is the causal variable.

Data from a/an properly conducted __________ can never be causally interpreted no matter how carefully the research was conducted, while data from a/an __________ can be causally interpreted if the research is run properly.

The ____ is sometimes measured and sometimes manipulated, while the ____ is always measured

A/an _________ involves random assignment of participants and manipulation of the causal variable, whiel a/an ___________ may have manipulation of the causal variable, but never invovles random assignment of participants.

___________ designs are also called longitudinal or repeated-measures designs, while ____________ designs are also called cross-sectional designs.

________ data are obtained from previous research or standard practice that are used fo secondary data analyses, _______ data are collected by the researcher when conducting a specific study.

_________ research is based on observational data, while _______ research is based on self-report data.

________ data collection usually involves interviews or questionnaires, while _________ data collection ususally involves video cameras or field notes.

During _______ observation the observer is completely hidden from the participants, during ___________ observation the observer appears to be one of the participants, while during ___________ observation the observer is neither hidden nor pretending to be one of the participants.

A _______ setting is most controlled, a ________ setting is a mock-up of the participant's natural environment, a ________ setting is the participant's natural environment.

_______ interviews involve questioning one participant at a time face-to-face, ______ interviews are sent to the participants (hopefully) completes and returns the interview to the researcher, _______ interviews involve bothering potential participants during dinner or intimate moments (just kidding), and _______ interviews involve getting data from a few to a few hundred participants simultaneously.

_______ expectancy effects can only be prevented by double-blind designs, while _________ expectancy effects can be prevented by single-blind procedures.