1Term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging
Stress
2Events that cause a stress reaction.
Stressors
3Effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors.
Distress
4Effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being.
Eustress
5An unpredictable, large-scale event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feelings of threat.
Catastrophe
6Cause stress by requiring adjustment.
Major Life Events
7Daily annoyances of everyday life
Hassles
8Assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person’s life over a one-year period resulting from major life events
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
9Assessment that measures the amount
of stress in a college student’s life over a one-year period resulting from major life events.
College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS)
10Psychological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations for a person’s behavior that come from an outside source
Pressure
11Degree of control that the person has over a particular event or
situation. The less control a person has, the greater the degree of stress.
Uncontrollability
12 Psychological experience of being pulled toward or drawn to two or more desires or goals, only one of which may be attained.
Conflict
13 Psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need.
Frustration
14Actions meant to harm or destroy
Aggression
15Taking out one’s frustrations on some less
threatening or more available target, a form of displacement.
Displaced aggression
16Leaving the presence of a stressor, either literally or by a
psychological withdrawal into fantasy, drug abuse, or apathy.
Escape or withdrawal
17Conflict occurring when a person must choose between two
desirable goals.
Approach–approach
18Conflict occurring when a person must choose between two
undesirable goals
Avoidance–avoidance
19Conflict in which the person must decide between
two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects
Double approach–avoidance
20Conflict in which the person must decide between
more than two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects.
Multiple approach–avoidance
21System of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases, infections, and injuries.
Immune system
22Negatively affected by stress
Immune system
23Study of the effects of psychological factors such as stress,
emotions, thoughts, and behavior on the immune system
Psychoneuroimmunology
24Responds to stressful events
Sympathetic System
25Restores the body to normal functioning after the stress has
ceased.
Parasympathetic System
26in this stage, resistance drops at first as the sympathetic system quickly
activates. But resistance then rapidly increases as the body mobilizes its defense systems.
alarm stage
27in this stage, the body is working at a much-increased level of
resistance, using resources until the stress ends or the resources run out.
resistance stage
28in this stage, the body is no
longer able to resist as resources have
been depleted, and at this point disease
and even death is possible.
exhaustion stage
29Stress puts people in a higher risk for heart disease
Heart Disease
30Type 2 diabetes is associated with excessive weight gain and occurs when
pancreas insulin levels become less efficient as the body size increases
Diabetes
31 Natural killer cell immune system cell responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells
Cancer
32States that how people think about a stressor determines, at
least in part, how stressful that stressor will become.
Cognitive Appraisal Approach
33First step in assessing a stress, which involves estimating the
severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge
Primary Appraisal
34Second step in assessing a threat, which involves estimating
the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor
Secondary Appraisal
35what type is a person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, and tends to
have high levels of hostility and anger as well as being easily annoyed
Type A
36what type is a person who is relaxed and laid-back, less driven and competitive than Type A, and slow to anger
Type B
37what type is a pleasant but repressed person, who tends to internalize his or her anger and
anxiety and who finds expressing emotions difficult
Type C
38Person who seems to thrive on stress but lacks the anger and hostility of the Type A personality
Hardy personality
39People who expect positive outcomes
Optimists
40People who expect negative outcomes
Pessimists
41Negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration
Burnout
42Stress resulting from the need to change and adapt a person’s
ways to the majority culture
Acculturative stress
43Involves maintaining one's original culture while also adopting elements of the new culture, fostering a bicultural identity
Integration
44Entails fully adopting the new culture and abandoning one's original
culture, often seen in immigrants who adopt the dominant language and customs while
forsaking their native traditions
Assimilation
45Individuals or groups choose to maintain their original culture and avoid interaction with the new culture
Separation
46Individuals feeling disconnected from both their original and new
cultures, often leading to a lack of identity
Marginalization
47Network of family, friends, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer support, comfort, or aid to a person in need
Social Support System
48Actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors
Coping Strategies
49Coping strategies that try to eliminate the source of a stress
or reduce its impact through direct actions
Problem-focused coping
50Coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by
changing the emotional reaction to the stressor
Emotion-focused coping
51Mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness
Meditation
52A person focuses the mind on some repetitive or unchanging
stimulus so that the mind can be cleared of disturbing thoughts and the body can
experience relaxation
Concentrative meditation
53A person attempts to become aware of everything in immediate
conscious experience, or an expansion of consciousness
Receptive meditation
54How do culture and religion help cope with stress
Different cultures perceive stressors differently.
Coping strategies will also vary from culture to culture.
People with religious beliefs also have been found to cope better with stressful events
55Psychological benefits of exercise
Raises good cholesterol and lowers bad cholesterol
Strengthens bones
Improves quality of sleep
Reduces tiredness
Increases natural killer cell activity
Wards off virus and cancer
Reduces stress