Lecture 4 – Microbial Nutrition and Growth
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1
What are nutritional classifications based on?
An organism's energy source and carbon source.
2
What does an organism's energy source tell us?
How it obtains energy to make ATP.
3
What does an organism's carbon source tell us?
Where it obtains the carbon used to build organic molecules.
4
What is an autotroph?
An organism that obtains carbon from inorganic sources such as carbon dioxide.
5
What is a heterotroph?
An organism that obtains carbon from organic compounds made by other organisms.
6
What is a phototroph?
An organism that uses light as its energy source.
7
What is a chemotroph?
An organism that obtains energy from chemicals.
8
What is a photoautotroph?
An organism that uses light for energy and carbon dioxide as its carbon source.
9
What are examples of photoautotrophs?
Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.
10
What is a chemoheterotroph?
An organism that obtains energy from chemicals and carbon from organic compounds.
11
What organisms are commonly chemoheterotrophs?
Animals, fungi, protozoa, and many bacteria.
12
Can animals carry out anaerobic respiration?
No. The lecture distinguishes animal fermentation from anaerobic respiration.
13
Which groups can carry out anaerobic respiration?
Bacteria and archaea, and potentially some yeasts.
14
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
They use different final electron acceptors; aerobic respiration uses oxygen.
15
What is fermentation used for?
It allows cells to continue generating ATP without using an electron transport chain as in respiration.
16
What is a culture medium?
A nutrient preparation used to grow microorganisms.
17
What is a broth?
A liquid culture medium.
18
How is solid culture medium made?
A liquid medium is combined with a solidifying agent such as agar or gelatin.
19
Why is solid medium useful?
It allows individual microbial colonies to grow and be isolated.
20
What is colony morphology?
The visible appearance of microbial colonies growing on solid medium.
21
What is a defined medium?
A medium with a precisely known chemical composition.
22
What is another name for a defined medium?
Synthetic medium.
23
What is a complex medium?
A medium whose exact chemical composition is not known.
24
Why are yeast extract and protein digests used in complex media?
They contain mixtures of compounds whose exact composition is not fully known.
25
What is an enriched medium?
A medium supplemented with a particular nutrient needed by a microorganism.
26
What is a fastidious microorganism?
A microorganism that is difficult to grow and may require special nutrients.
27
How does a defined medium differ from a complex medium?
A defined medium has a precisely known composition; a complex medium does not.
28
Can a medium with many ingredients still be defined?
Yes, if the exact chemical composition and amounts are known.
29
Can a medium with only a few ingredients be complex?
Yes, if one or more ingredients have an unknown chemical composition.
30
What is the purpose of adding a special nutrient to an enriched medium?
To support the growth of a fastidious microorganism.
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