intro lecture 1

-Motile
-Self-replicating with their own DNA and RNA
-Folds that increase surface area called cristae (more folds, more active)
-Generate energy in the form of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

Involved in cell support, shape, movement

-Semi-permeable lipid bilayer with proteins (integral and peripheral) and carbohydrates
-7-10 nm thick

-Euchromatin: Lots of dispersed, extended chromatin
-Large, well developed nucleolus

-Heterochromatin: Lots of condensed, coiled chromatin
-Small, poorly developed nucleolus

Heterochromatic or pyknotic nucleus

No

Leaves a clear region

Most cells do pinocytosis, only some cells do phagocytosis

Those that don't divide don't typically cause cancer

1. Ribosomes (rough ER, secretes lots of proteins OR free, produces lots of in-house proteins).
2. Secretory vesicles that stain with hematoxylin

-Hollow tubes of tubulin
-Centrioles (have 9 triplets), make up mitotic spindle, and cilia with 9+2 doublets

Acidophilic

It is a microtubular organizational center that assemble the mitotic spindle in prophase

Made up of 9 triplets of microtubules

Allow material to move in and out of the nucleus

Primary =virgins
Secondary = actively destroying material
Residual bodies = left over, dissolve. exocytosis, or become lipofusin pigment

Basophilic

1. Stored foods
2. Pigments

1. Immediately exocytose without storage. Too few vesicles to see in cytoplasm (plasma cells)
2. Store products until needed. Secretory vesicles accumulate and are basophilic or acidophilic depending on contents (serous gland)

Nissl substance

1. Microfilaments
-Actin filaments, contractile ring (telophase), cell junction zonula adherens, thin filaments
2. Myosin filaments
-Thick filaments
3. Intermediated filaments
-protein composition depends on cell type (keratin), mostly support, also desmosomes (cell junction)

Use hydrolytic enzymes to

1. Destroy materials outside of cell (risky due to potential of self-destruction)
2. Destroy materials inside of cell (heterophagy destroys cells brought in during phagocytosis and autophagy breaks down materials already in cell)

Skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers, neurons

Eosin and hematoxylin

1 G1. Grows and performs functions, protein and RNA synthesis, most variable and longest
2. G0. Cells are resting and will re-enter or are permanently is G0.
3. S. DNA synthesis. Goes 2n to 4 n.
4. G2. Prep for mitosis, centriole replication.

-Only one x active in diploid cell
-Inactive, condensed X is called a barr body.
-It is a small, dark mass of heterochromatin at edge of nucleus or small projection in neutrophils

-Sectioned with a cryostat and processed in minutes
-Used for lipids, enzymes, immunohistochemistry

Decrease in cell size

Increase in cell number. Cells must be capable of division.

Increase in cell size and organelles (increases function)

-It is the examination of the number and shape of chromosomes
-Performed by amniocenteses, growing cells in culture dish, blocking in metaphase, and analyzing chromosomes
-Metaphase because it's the stage when chromatin is most condensed

-Bigger is not always better because the quality (resolution) counts
-Magnification be useless because of poor resolution

Acidophilic = tissue components that stain with acid dies like eosin (i.e. cytoplasm) Colors red, pink, or orange
Basophilic = tissue components that stain with basic dyes like hematoxylin (i.e. RNA/DNA) Colors blue or purple

Euchromatin is extended and active in transcription and metabolism (Lightly stained)
Heterochromatin is condensed and inactive in transcription and metabolism (darkly stained)

-Necrosis is cell injury due to physical/chemical environments or virus. Cell ruptures and causes inflammatory response. Many cells impacted.

-Apoptosis is programmed cell death (suicide). Cell is skilled from autodigestion by lysosomes causing cell to shrink and fragment. No inflammatory response because cell does not burst.

RER = integrated in membrane, stored in lysosomes, or secreted
Free = Proteins for cells used

It is a microtubular organizational center that assemble the mitotic spindle in interphase

Made up of 9 triplets of microtubules

Proteins and molecules made in the RER are modified. packaged, and sorted into vesicles (secretory and lysosomal) in Golgi

Envelopes the nucleus and consists of 2 membranes with pores

-Site of rRNA synthesis and initial ribosomal assembly
-The rounded, darkly staining structure is large and visible in protein secreting cells
-Stains blue

RER to Golgi to Secretory vesicles to exocytosis

Basophilic because of the ribosomes

-Continuous with the nuclear membrane
-Protein synthesis of secretory, lysosomal, and integral proteins, all proteins that need a membrane

-Role depends on cell
-Common in cells that synthesize lipids or steroid hormones
-Plays important role in detox of alcohol, lipid soluble drugs, and toxins
-Is the sarcoplasmic reticulum. stores and released CA ions during contraction

During mitosis or meiosis

Eosinophils, osteoclasts

1. Lipids or membranous organelles
2. Glycogen
3. Mucus

Mitotic figures

Because they are so small. Mitotic figures.