1What is the primary function of the menstrual cycle?
Prepares for pregnancy
2What are the key stages of pregnancy?
Preembryonic, Fetal development, Maturation
3What is hyperemesis gravidarum?
Extreme form of nausea during pregnancy
4What causes breast tenderness during pregnancy?
Increased production of steroid hormones
5What is the average weight gain per week from 18-28 weeks of pregnancy?
0.45 kg/wk
6What is the role of dNK cells and macrophages in spiral artery remodelling?
They help increase the size of the arteries to create a high-flow, low-resistance vessel
7What hormone causes pigmentation changes during pregnancy?
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
8What is the main function of the placenta?
Nutrient and gas transfer
9What are the three shunts in the fetus?
Ductus arteriosus, Ductus venosus, Foramen ovale
10What hormone is responsible for uterine relaxation?
Relaxin
11What is the effect of progesterone on the respiratory system?
Promotes alveolar development in the breast
12What is the main energy substrate for the fetus?
Glucose
13What is the primary function of IgG during pregnancy?
Immune protection
14What is the effect of pregnancy on plasma volume?
40-50% increase
15What causes hyperventilation during pregnancy?
Increased O2 consumption and minute ventilation
16What is the effect of pregnancy on renal blood flow?
Increases by 30-50%
17What is the primary function of oestrogen during pregnancy?
Stimulate uterine growth and initiate cardiovascular changes
18'Show' during labour
Mucus plug is dislodged and comes through the vagina
19'Waters breaking'
Leak or flood of amniotic fluid
20Regular, strong uterine contractions
Period pains, tightenings
21Cervical effacement and dilation
Descent of the presenting part (fetal skull)
22Triggers for labour
Relaxation associated Proteins (RAPs)
23Not a trigger for labour in humans
Progesterone withdrawal
24Proteins associated with contraction during labour
Contraction associated Proteins (CAPs)
25Hormone involved in the activation of labour
Oestrogen
26Hormone released during labour to aid contractions
Oxytocin
27Role of PGE2 and PGF2a in labour
They are involved in the activation of labour
28Role of IL-1b in labour
It is involved in the activation of labour
29RMP of myocytes as pregnancy progresses
Depolarisation
30Required for contractions during labour
Action potential generation
31First stage of labour
Time between onset of labour and full cervical dilatation
32Second stage of labour
From dilatation to delivery
33Third stage of labour
Delivery to expulsion of the placenta
34Hormone involved in the positive feedback loop during labour
Oxytocin
35Role of myometrial contractions during labour
They cause shortening of muscle fibres and move the fetus further into the birth canal
36After the rupture of fetal membranes
Delivery of baby followed by placenta
37Initiates lactation
Delivery of baby
384Ps of birth
Power, Passage, Passenger, Psyche
39Braxton Hicks contractions
False labour pains
40Role of oxytocin in breastfeeding
Stimulates milk ejection
41Puerperium period
Gradual return to the non-pregnant state in ~6 weeks
42Main antenatal tests
Blood tests, Ultrasound scan (USS), Vaccination history, 11-week scan, 20-week scan, Screening for Down’s syndrome, New guidance NIPT, 20-week anomaly scan