1What are filamentous appendages?
-helical chain composed of protein subunits
2What is characteristic of flagella?
*mechanisms of motility, located outside the cell walll
3What is characteristic of pilli?
*can have different functions
*most common type (fimbriae)
*allows cells to adhere to surfaces
*one funtion is for twitching or gliding motility
*sex pilli involved in DNA transfer
4Where are capsules located?
layers utside the cell wall, ussually made of polysaccharide
5What is the slime layer?
6Physical appearance and purpose of capsule?
*distinct and gelatinous
*allows bacteria to adhere to specific surfaces
*allows some microorganisms to avoid bodies defense system
7What is the structure and function of cell wall?
*composed of peptidoglycan
*provides rigidity to vacterial cell walls
*prevents cells from lysing
8Structure of gram positive bacteria?
*thick peptidoglycan layer that contains: teichoic acids and lipteichoic acids
9Structure of gram negative bacteria?
*thin layer of petidoglycan surronded by an outer membrane
*outer laery of outer membrane is lipopolysaccharide
10What is the cytoplasmic membrane?
*phospolipid bilayer embedded with proteis
*surrounds the cytoplasm (separating it from external environment)
*transmits info about the external environment to the inside of cell
11What does DNA do for prokaryotic cell?
carries genetic info
12Characteristics of prokaryotic chromosomes:
*single, circular or double-stranded DNA molecule
*caries gnetic info required by cell
13What is a plasmid?
*caries genetic infomration that will be advanageous to a cell in certain situations (super powers)
14What is a endospore?
*type of dormant cell
*extraordinarily resistant to heat, dessication, UV light, toxic chemicals
15What is cytoskeleton?
*protein framework invovled in cell diviision and control of cell shape
16What are gas vesicles?
*smal, rigid structures that provide buoyancy to a cell
17What are granules?
*accumulations of high molecular weight polymers
*synthesized from nutrients available in relative excess
18What are ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
*involved in protein supply
*contains two subunits (30S and 50S)
*subunits combined to form 70S ribosome
19What three cellular components are excluded from eubactera and archabacteria?
*membrane bound nucleus
*membrane bound organelles
*DNA assoicated with histones
*cell wall of peptidoglycan with muramic acid not present in archaebacteria
20Ribosome size in eubacteria and archabacteria?
70 S
21Ribosome size in eukaryotes?
*80S in cytoplasm
*70S in mitochondria and chloroplasts
22When is DNA assoicated with histones in eukaryotes?
*in nucleus
*absent of mitochondria and chloroplasts
23Arrangement of DNA in eukaryotes?
*linear in nuclues
*circular in mitochondria and chloroplasts
24What is the average size of micro-organisms?
0.2-1.0 micro meters to 2-8 micrometers
25What are the three basic shapes of micro-organisms?
*coccus (round)
*rodacillus (rod)
*spiral
26What are pairs of cocci called?
*diplococci
*diplobailli
27What are clusters of cocci called?
*staphylococci
28What are chains of cocci called?
*Streptococci
*Streptobacilli
29What are u-shaped spiral bacteria called?
*vibrio
30Name of iconic-looking spirla shaped bacteria?
Spirillum
31What are the thin and long spiral bacteria called?
*Spirochete
32What do you need to know about glycocalyx?
*outside cell wall
*ussually sticky and prevents phagocytosis
*capsule is neatly organized
*slime layer is unorganized and loose
*extracellular polysacchariede allows cell to attach
33What are star shaped bacteria called?
*Stella
34What are square bacteria called?
*Haloarcula
35What makes up the cell wall of bacteria? explain and give official name
*peptidoglycan (murein)
*basically parallel polymers of glycan cross linked with short peptides
36What two amino sugars are repeated in the glycan chains of peptidoglycan?
*N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
*N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
37What type of bacteria has a thick cell wall with multiple layers of peptidoglycan?
*gram positive bacteria
38What types of acids thread the cell wall of gram positive bacteria?
Teichoic acids
39What type of bacteria has a thin wall enclosed by an outer membrane?
Gram negative bacteria
40What type of bacteria is Escherichia coli?
*gram negative
41How many layers of peptidoglycan make up the