Homeostasis and Body Fluid Compartments
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1
What is homeostasis?
The process by which a stable internal environment is maintained despite changes in the external environment. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
2
What does “milieu intérieur” mean?
The internal environment of the body. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
3
Who introduced the concept of the internal environment (“milieu intérieur”)?
Claude Bernard, a French physiologist. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
4
What does “homeo” mean in homeostasis?
“Like”. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
5
What does “stasis” mean in homeostasis?
“Standing still”. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
6
Who coined the term “homeostasis”?
Walter Cannon, an American physiologist. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
7
What is the main purpose of homeostasis?
Maintenance of constancy of the internal environment of the body. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
8
What physiological variables are examples of factors maintained by homeostasis?
Body temperature; blood pH; serum electrolyte concentration; glucose concentration; blood oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations; blood pressure. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
9
Why is homeostasis essential for each cell?
Because the stability of the body’s internal environment is essential for life and for cells to function. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
10
Why do cells of a multicellular organism not exchange directly with the external environment?
All cells cannot exchange directly with the outside; each cell has its own environment inside the organism and exchanges substances with the fluid between cells. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
11
How does a unicellular organism exchange substances with its environment?
Directly between the cell and the external environment. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
12
How does a multicellular organism differ from a unicellular organism in terms of environmental exchange?
A unicellular organism exchanges directly with the external environment, whereas cells of a multicellular organism exchange substances with the internal environment, specifically the fluid between cells. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
13
What happens when one or more body systems malfunction and homeostasis is disrupted?
All the cells suffer because they no longer have an optimal environment in which to live and function. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
14
Which body systems help maintain homeostasis according to the lecture?
Cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, gastrointestinal, excretory and musculoskeletal systems. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
15
Which body system is an exception to the main role of maintaining individual homeostasis?
The reproductive system, whose primary purpose is species survival rather than individual homeostasis. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
16
How are homeostatic mechanisms controlled?
Through feedback mechanisms. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
17
What are the two types of feedback mechanisms?
Negative feedback and positive feedback. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
18
Which type of feedback mechanism is more commonly involved in homeostasis?
Negative feedback. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
19
Is positive feedback involved in homeostasis according to the lecture?
No. Positive feedback is not involved in homeostasis. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
20
What are the three components of a feedback control system?
Receptor (sensor), integrating (control) center, and effector. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
21
What is the function of the receptor or sensor in a feedback control system?
It detects specific changes in the environment. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
22
What is the function of the integrating or control center?
It compares the sensor’s input and sends instructions to the effector. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
23
What is the function of the effector?
It performs the appropriate response. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
24
What is negative feedback?
A change in a controlled variable triggers a physiological response that opposes the initial change. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
25
What is the key characteristic of negative feedback?
It reverses a change and restores an abnormal value towards normal. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
26
What are examples of physiological variables regulated by negative feedback?
Blood glucose, blood pressure, blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, and body temperature. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
27
How does negative feedback maintain a controlled variable?
The initial change triggers a physiological response that opposes the initial change, bringing the variable back towards normal. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
28
What is the sequence of a general negative feedback mechanism?
Change in controlled variable → physiological response → response opposes the initial change → variable is restored towards normal. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
29
What is the stimulus in the negative feedback regulation of blood pressure shown in the lecture?
Lower blood pressure. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
30
Which receptors detect the change in blood pressure in the lecture example?
Pressure receptors in the carotid and aortic sinus, i.e. baroreceptors. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
31
What is the sensor in the negative feedback regulation of blood pressure?
Baroreceptors, which are pressure receptors in the carotid and aortic sinus. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
32
What is the afferent pathway in the blood pressure negative feedback mechanism?
Nerves carrying information to the brain. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
33
What is the integrating centre in the blood pressure negative feedback mechanism?
The vasomotor centre in the brainstem. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
34
What does the vasomotor centre do in blood pressure regulation?
It compares blood pressure with the set point and calculates the error. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
35
What is the efferent pathway in the blood pressure negative feedback mechanism?
The sympathetic nervous system. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
36
What is the effector response shown in the blood pressure negative feedback mechanism?
Increased heart output. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
37
What is the overall sequence of the blood pressure negative feedback mechanism shown?
Lower blood pressure → baroreceptors in carotid and aortic sinus → afferent nerves to brain → vasomotor centre in brainstem → sympathetic nervous system → increased heart output → raised blood pressure. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
38
Why is the blood pressure mechanism classified as negative feedback?
Because the response raises blood pressure and therefore opposes the initial decrease in blood pressure. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
39
What happens to blood glucose concentration after a meal?
It increases and then returns to the premeal concentration after a short while. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
40
Does homeostasis mean that a physiological variable remains absolutely constant?
No. It can fluctuate with time within a predictable and often narrow range. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
41
What is positive feedback?
A feedback mechanism that strengthens or reinforces the initial change. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
42
Is positive feedback involved in homeostasis?
No. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
43
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
Negative feedback opposes and reverses the initial change, whereas positive feedback strengthens or reinforces the initial change.
44
What happens to an abnormal value during positive feedback?
The abnormality becomes more abnormal because the initial change is strengthened. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
45
Why can positive feedback produce a vicious cycle?
Because it reinforces the initial change rather than opposing it. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
46
What are examples of positive feedback mechanisms given in the lecture?
LH surge during the menstrual cycle, childbirth or parturition, clotting cascade, and action potential generation. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
47
Which positive feedback mechanism is associated with the menstrual cycle?
The LH surge. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
48
Which positive feedback mechanism is associated with childbirth?
Parturition. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
49
Which positive feedback mechanism is associated with blood clotting?
The clotting cascade. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
50
Which positive feedback mechanism is associated with generation of nerve and muscle electrical activity?
Action potential generation. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
51
What is the main difference between a negative and positive feedback response?
Negative feedback reverses the initial change and restores the variable towards normal, whereas positive feedback strengthens the initial change.
52
What physiological changes occurred in the jogging case?
Heavy sweating, thirst, dizziness, increased heart rate, and red, hot and dry skin were observed after running on a hot sunny day. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
53
What happened to the student’s heart rate and temperature after resting and drinking water?
They gradually returned to normal. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
54
What does the jogging case illustrate about homeostasis?
Despite changes in the external environment, physiological variables can be regulated towards normal through homeostatic mechanisms. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
55
What is the importance of homeostasis in maintaining health?
It maintains a stable internal environment that is essential for cell survival, life, and functioning independently of changes in the external environment. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
56
What happens to cells when the internal environment is no longer optimal?
They suffer because they no longer have an optimal environment in which to live and function. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
57
What is the relationship between the external environment and the internal environment in a multicellular organism?
Cells do not directly exchange with the external environment; they exchange substances with the internal environment, which is the fluid between cells. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
58
What does the lecture state about body composition and total body water in relation to body weight?
The learning outcome requires body composition to be described with emphasis on total body water in relation to body weight, but the provided lecture material does not provide the numerical values or further details. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
59
How are body fluid compartments classified according to the provided material?
The lecture lists classification of body fluid compartments as a learning outcome, but the provided material does not contain the classification details. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
60
What are the volumes and compositions of the body fluid compartments according to the provided material?
The lecture lists this as a learning outcome, but the provided material does not provide the volume or composition details. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
61
What are the major routes of water gain and loss according to the provided material?
The lecture lists this as a learning outcome, but the provided material does not provide the specific routes. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
62
What physiological mechanisms regulate water balance according to the provided material?
The lecture lists regulation of water balance as a learning outcome, but the provided material does not provide the specific mechanisms. Homeostasis & Body fluid compartments-1_Batch 59.pdf
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