Test Number 3- possible repeat questions

-occurs in the cytoplasm
-Uses NADPH
-Acyl carrier protein is the acyl carrier
-involves the conversion of a carbonyl to a methylene
-Enzymes are organized in a multienzyme complex

C1, N9 of a purine or N1 of a pyrimidine

-Activation of fatty acid by joining to CoA
-Formation of carnitine ester
-Acyl CoA in mitochondria matrix
-FAD liked oxidation
-Hydration by enoyl CoA hydratase
-NAD+ linked oxidation
-Thiolytic cleavage by B-ketothiolase
Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle

-Stimulus
-low blood glucose levels stimulate the breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl CoA
-Two acetyl CoA condense to form the four carbon acetoacetyl-CoA
-A condensation reaction with acetyl-CoA produces the 6 carbon HMG-CoA
-HMG-CoA loses acetyl-CoA, forming a 4 carbon ketone body
-3-Hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate can cross the blood brain barrier to provide fuel for the brain.

-Uses NAD+
-Uses FAD
-Occurs in the mitochondria
-Coenzyme A is the acyl carrier
-Involves the conversion of a methylene to a carbonyl

1.) oxidation- uses FAD, acyl to trans
2.)hydration- uses H20, trans to L beta
3.) oxidation- uses NAD, L beta to beta Keto
4.) cleavage- uses Cosah, acyl and acetyl

1.) Fatty acid synthesis begins with a preparatory step in which acetyl CoA is transferred from mito to cyto
2.) Since Acetly Coa cant corss memebrane it is transported as cirate and then once in ctyp cleaved into acetyl and oxolate
3.)converion from acetyl to malonyl
4.) then the 2 carbon group from malonyl is added to growing acyl chain with
5.) condensation, reduction, dehyrdation
6.) englation stops at 16 so 7 rounds and cant add a double bond past carbon 9

cirtate and fatty acid- control malonyl
carnitine acyltransferase (allows entry of fatty acid to mito (for oxidation)- controlled by maylonyl
high concentrates of fatty acid in cytsol- inhibits fatty acid sythensis
high concertation of malonyl- inhibits oxidation

formation of malonyl CoA done by acetyl CoA carboxylase 1

the longer the chain the more the rounds and the more ATP
trans better then cis, if cis then need another input of 2 ATP bring down net gain

4 N atoms and 2 hetercyclic rings

2 N atoms and 1 ring

equal amount of purine and pyrdinames

left handed- only one with this
smalest diameter

most stable in the body
middle diamter
major groove is wide and deep

favored form of dehydrated DNA
larget diameter

goes 3 to 5

goes 5 to 3

same sequence of the RNA being made, sense strand, strand that ins't transcribe

sequence that is transcribe antisense strand

stabilizes mRNA at the end ajdecent to the start codon
assist in RNA splicing

assist in mRNA binding to the large ribsome subunit

removing non coding regions in premRNA
facilitates production ofmore then one protein from one gene
enables movement of mRNA out of the nucleus

alters the nucletiode sequence in exons

1.) TATA box
2.) 5 UTR
3.) start codon
4.) splicing branching point
5.) stop codon
6.) 3 UTR

recongize promtor
decrease affinity of the RNA polymerase for most DNA
would decrease transcription if part of the core
would need more if in a free flowing enviorment

con only be done in the direction of synthesis so damage must be there and at the end

First-The RNA component of a complementary sequence on the 3' G overhang of DNA
Second- Nucleotides that are complementary to the RNA component of telomerase are added to 3'end of the DNA.
Third- Telomerase moves along the newly synthesized DNA strand towards 3'end.
Fouth- Additional nucleotides are added to the 3'end of the DNA
Fifth- Telomerase is removed from the DNA strands entirely.
Last- Synthesis occurs on the 5'end of the complementary strand of DNA to fill the gap created by telomerase.

3 distict RNA poly
more then 3 promoter elements
extensive mRNA processing
occurs in the nucleus

one RNA poly
3 promoter elements
little premRNA processing
coupled transcription and translation