Nervous System
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central nervous system consists of
brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system consists of
all nerves that exit from brain or spinal cord
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cranial nerves are
bundles of axons that emerge from the brain
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spinal nerves are
bundles of axons that emerge from the spinal cord
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brain consists of
brain stem
cerebellum - little brain
cerebrum - brain
cerebellum - little brain
cerebrum - brain
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___ pairs of cranial nerves
12
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__ pairs of spinal nerves
31
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motor neurons are
efferent
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sensory neurons are
afferent
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visceral motor division controls
involuntary movement
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somatic motor division controls
voluntary movement
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two types of nervous system cells
neurons
glial cells
glial cells
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neurons conduct ____ ____ from one part of body to another
nerve impulses
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neurons have a high ____ _____ and therefore need lots of _____ and _____
metabolic rate
glucose and oxygen
glucose and oxygen
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neurons have extreme ____
longevity
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neurons are non
mitotic
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glial cells are
smaller than neurons
mitotic
conduct no nerve impulses, put protect and nourish neurons
mitotic
conduct no nerve impulses, put protect and nourish neurons
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cell body
nucles, etc
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dendrites
short processes off the body that receive nerve impulses
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axon
long process thorough which the neuron sends an impulse
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glial cells mop up excess ___ to help
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maintain extracellular environment
maintain extracellular environment
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glial cells also aid in
recovery from injury
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glial cells ____ and _____ the long axons of neurons to
wrap and insulate
quicken and insure electrical signal transport from cell body to axon terminal
quicken and insure electrical signal transport from cell body to axon terminal
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myelin being mostly lipid, has a ____ appearance in dissection
white
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CSF flows in the
subarachnoid space
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brain with dura
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brain with arachnoid
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brain with pia
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peaks in the brain called
gyri
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valleys in the brain called
sulci
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___ ______ is essential fused with the brain
pia mater
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grey matter contains
cell bodies
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white matter contains
axons of neurons
therefore they are white because they're wrapped in myelin
therefore they are white because they're wrapped in myelin
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cerebrum is the location of
thought/consciousness/intellect
reasoning
language
memory
judgement
voluntary motor
visual
auditory
reasoning
language
memory
judgement
voluntary motor
visual
auditory
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cerebrum contains
gyri and fissures/sulci
gray and white matter
gray and white matter
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cerebrum divided into
5 lobes of function
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5 lobes of cerebrum
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
insula
parietal
occipital
temporal
insula
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brain is incredibly _______ ______
anatomically specific
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main parts of frontal lobe
primary motor cortex
pre-motor cortex
other functions such as personality, cognition, decision making, planning, language functions
pre-motor cortex
other functions such as personality, cognition, decision making, planning, language functions
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primary motor cortex
precentral gyrus
skeletal muscle activity
skeletal muscle activity
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pre-motor cortex
plans and coordinates skeletal muscle movement
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important part of parietal lobe
somatosensory cortex
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somatosensory cortex
postcentral hyrus
interprets sensory information coming in
interprets sensory information coming in
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temporal lobe functions
olfactory and auditory information
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occipital lobe parts
primary visual cortex
other functions - interprets visual input and associated memories
other functions - interprets visual input and associated memories
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primary visual cortex
receieves visual input
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insula function
taste
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cerebellum is responsible for
proprioception
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proprioception
where your body is in space
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important deep/middle brain structures
hypothalamus
limbic system
thalamus
medulla oblongota
pons
midbrain
limbic system
thalamus
medulla oblongota
pons
midbrain
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parts of the brainstem
medulla oblongota
pons
midbrain
pons
midbrain
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hypothalamus has master control over
autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
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nuclei in the hypothalamus control
regulation of body temperature
control of emotional behavior
control of food and water intake
control of emotional behavior
control of food and water intake
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limbic system is
a collection of deep brain structures that regulate emotions, memories and emotional responses to sensory stimuli
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2 parts of limbic system
amygdala
hippocampus
hippocampus
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amygdala function
fear center
processes fear and coordinates appropriate nervous system response
recognizes menacing facial expression
processes fear and coordinates appropriate nervous system response
recognizes menacing facial expression
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hippocampus function
forms, consolidates and retrieves memories
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limbic system connects to the ____ ______ to coordinate
reticular formation
physical responses to fear, emotion, and memory
physical responses to fear, emotion, and memory
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the thalamus is
a paired oval structures just lateral to the midline
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thalamus acts as a ___ for somatosensory information
filter
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thalamus directs
sensory info to the correct cerebrum location, and sends information about where the sensation is coming from
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all information coming from the body to the brain first goes through the
thalamus
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thalamus may ____, _____, or ___, information heading to the cerebral cortex
edit, amplify, or diminish
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midbrain is made up of many
individual nuclei with discrete functions
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midbrain contains many centers of control for
limb, eye motor movements
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pons
sensory and motor tracts that connect the brain to the spinal cord
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medulla oblongota means
long middle
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medulla is continuous with the
spinal cord
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all communication between the brain and spinal cord involves tracts through
medulla
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medulla contains descening _______ _____ and ascending _____ ________
descending motor tracts
ascending sensory tracts
ascending sensory tracts
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medulla contains several nuclei for important life functions such as
cardiac center
respiratory center
respiratory center
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the spinal cord is the
major conduction pathway between brain and body
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spinal cord is continuous with
brain stem
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cord itself extends from _____ _______ to ______ ____ then ends in _____ ______
foramen magnum
L1-L2
cauda equina
L1-L2
cauda equina
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spinal cord travels in ______ ______, protected by
vertebral canal
bone, ligaments, meninges, and csf
bone, ligaments, meninges, and csf
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parts of spinal cord
conus medullaris
filum terminale
cauda equina
filum terminale
cauda equina
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coccygeal region
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sacral region
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lumbar region
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thoracic region
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cervical region
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grey matter of spinal cord regions
posterior horn
anterior horn
lateral horn
anterior horn
lateral horn
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posterior root
sensory
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anterior root
motor
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lateral horn
autonomic
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spinal nerve
mixed
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posterior ramus
mixed, to deep back muscles and overlying skin
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anterior ramus
mixed, to remaining trunk and limbs
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how many spinal nerves in each region?some
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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first cervical spinal nerve emerges between the
occipital bone and atlas
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all other spinal nerves aside from first emerge through
intervertebral foramina
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sometimes teh anterior rami fo spinal nerves interweave to form a
plexus
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plexus
braiding of nerves to go into a small area
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4 main plexus
cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral
brachial
lumbar
sacral
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phrenic nerve
innervates the diaphragm
gets information from C1-C4 spinal nerves
gets information from C1-C4 spinal nerves
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cervical plexus forms from
anterior rami of C1-C4
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cervical plexus is sensory innervation of
the neck
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cervical plexus is motor innervation of
several local muscles
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most significant nerve of cervical plexus is the
phrenic nerve
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brachial plexus froms from __ and found
anterior rami of C5-T1
deep to SCM
deep to SCM
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brachial plexus is _ and found
sensory and motor innervation of the axilla and arms
deep to clavicle
deep to clavicle
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significant nerves of brachial plexus
musculocutaneous
median
radial
ulnar
median
radial
ulnar
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lumbar plexus forms from _ and found
anterior rami of L1-L4
embedded within the psoas muscle
embedded within the psoas muscle
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lumbar plexus is
sensory and motor innervation to the abdominal wall muscles, anterior and medial thigh muscles
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significant nerves of lumbar plexus
iliohypogastric
ilioinguinal
femoral
genitofemoral
obturator
ilioinguinal
femoral
genitofemoral
obturator
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sacral plexus forms from ____ and is found
anterior rami of L4-S4
embedded within the psoas muscle
embedded within the psoas muscle
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sacral plexus is
sensory and motor innervation to the genitals, posterior thigh muscles, gluteals, and most of the lower leg and foot
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significant nerves of sacral plexus
sciatic
pudendal
pudendal
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dermatomes show
sensory information
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myotomes show
motor information