public health midterm 2

A mnemonic summarizing key categories of determinants of health: Behavior, Infection, Genetics, Geography, Environment, Medical care, Socioeconomic-cultural status

Diseases not spread person-to-person, often chronic, such as cancer or diabetes

A framework describing levels of prevention from preventing risk factors to treating established disease
1. Primoridal Prevention - Targets social and ecnominic policies affecting health
2. Primary Prevention - Targets those with risk factors leading to injury/disease
3. Secondary Prevention - Prevents injury/disease once exposed to risk factors; stil in "preclinical" stage
4. Tertiary Prevention - Rehabilitates people with injury/disease to reduce complications

The ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease

The ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease

Test results that incorrectly indicate absence of disease

Test results that incorrectly indicate presence of disease

Interventions addressing several related risk factors simultaneously; works great for 2 or more risk factors

Assessment comparing health benefits gained relative to financial cost; want decreased cost, increased effectiveness

Pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites

Epidemic = outbreak above expected; Endemic = constant presence; Pandemic = worldwide spread

Criteria used to link a microorganism to a specific disease
1. Must be present in every case of the disease by isolation of the organism
2. Must not be found in other cases of other disease
3. Once, isolated, must be capable of replicating the disease in an experimental animal
4. Must be recoverable from animal

The average number of people one infected person will be expected to transmit the disease

Separation of people exposed to disease but not yet ill

Separation of people who are sick with a contagious disease

Population-level protection when enough individuals are immune to interrupt transmission

Barrier protections, screening and case finding, treatment and contact treatment, effors to maximize effectiveness of treatments and prevent resistance to treatment, "Swiss Cheese Defence" (multiple interventions)

agent (pathogen) → reservoir (where they live and mutiply) → means of transmission (host to host or reservoir to new host) → susceptible host (prior infection, biological adaptation, vaccination)

Natural, altered, and built environments

Risk assessment - formal process that aims to measure the potential impact of known hazards
public health assessment - goes beyond risk assessmrnt by including data on actual exposure in a community
ecological assessment - examines impacts of contaminants on ecological systems
interaction analysis - accounts for the effect of 2 or more exposures

Diseases transmitted from animals to humans

An organism that transmits pathogens between an infected individual or its wastes to a suspectible individual, its food, or immediate surroundings

Precautionary prinicple - When an activity raises threats of harm to the environment, wildlife, or human health, preventive, anticipatory measures should be taken even if some cause-and-effect relationships are not fully established
Environmental justice - "fair treatment" for all regardless of race, color, national origin, or income
Environmental sustainability - resources should not be depleted faster than they can be regenerated and that there should be no permanent change to the natural environment (human development, land use, materials and energy use)
Polluter-pays policy - polluter should bear the expenses of carrying out the pollution prevention (applies when pollution originates from various sources)

Framework recognizing the interconnected health of humans, animals, and the environment

Distingishes between personal and public issues (biography vs. history)

Conditions in which people are born, grow up, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age, as well as the systems put in place to deal with illnesses that affect health and quality of life
Socioeconomic status/social class
Race-ethnicity (race and immigration)
Gender/Sex
Sexual identity
Culture
Lifestyle
Community/Place

A measure based on education, income, and occupation

A grouping based on shared economic and social characteristics (economic capital, cultural capital, social capital)

Race = socially constructed categories based on physical traits; Ethnicity = cultural identity

Institutional racism - institutional mechanisms/processes can manifest as discriminatory policies and practices
interpersonal racism - experienced in everyday interactions with others (overt, unintended, microaggressions)
cultural racism - racist beliefs, attitudes, stereotypes ingrained in a culture

Shared beliefs and behaviors that influence health outcomes

Shapes behaviors, response to symptoms, types of interventions people find acceptable, and responses to disease and interventions

Life events = major changes; chronic strains = ongoing difficulties; daily hassles = routine pressures

Important means to prevent &/or buffer effects of stress

sense of having control over one’s life

Public health law emphasizes government authority and individual rights balance

Discusses societal structures affecting health and inequities

a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that explain or predict events or situations by specifying relations among variables

a combination of ideas & concepts taken from multiple theories and applied to specific problems in specific settings

Intrapersonal model focuses on individuals’ perceptions and thought processes prior to taking health-related action

Stages of behavior change: precontemplation (no change) --> contemplation (aware of change) --> preparation (decide to change and plans to do so) --> action (actual change) --> maintenance (change achieved but must strive to prevent relapse)

Behavior shaped by attitudes, norms, and perceived control

Behavior influenced by personal factors, environment, and observational learning (behavior)

Multiple levels of influence on health: individual to policy
1. Intrapersonal level: Psychology
2. Interpersonal level: Family, friends, coworkers
3. Institutional level: School, workplace
4. Community level: Churches, community organizations
5. Public policy level: Government regulations

Socioeconomic status is a root cause because it provides flexible resources, determine capacity (the extent to which people avoid risks), avoid morbidity and mortality

Explains how new ideas, products, or social practice is adopted into a population (relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, observability)

Applying marketing principles to promote health behaviors and behavioral change