Skull and Vertebral Column
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process
a projection or outgrowth
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foramen
hole
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canal
tubular passage
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facet
a smooth flat or nearly flat anatomical surface of a bone
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sphenoid bone makes up most of
the rear of the eye orbits
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the sphenoid bone contributes to the sides of the skull in the area called
the "temples"
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the sphenoid bone contributes to the _______ _______
cranial floor
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________ _______ holds and protects the pituitary gland
sella turcica
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_______ ______ warms air as it flows through the nose
nasal conchae
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nasal conchae helps in spreading
odor molecules
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lacrimal bones forms the ______ _____ portion of the orbit
lower medial
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nasal bones form the
upper surace of the nose "glasses" rest
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zygomatic bones =
cheek bones
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what are 3 things sinuses do?
air filled chambers that:
help warm and moisturize the air we breathe in
add resonance to voice
ehance olfaction
help warm and moisturize the air we breathe in
add resonance to voice
ehance olfaction
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as you age, sutures
solidify - helps identify age at death
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in order to adapt to bipedalism, the occipital joint needed to
move forward to balance the weight of the skull
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functions of vertebral column
supports the trunk
protects the spinal cord
protects the spinal cord
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movements of the vertebral columnas
extension
flexion
lateral flexion
rotation
flexion
lateral flexion
rotation
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components of vertebral column
vertebrae
intervertebral discs (25% of length)
intervertebral discs (25% of length)
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how many of each type of vertebrae
cervical - 7
thoracic -12
lumbar - 5
sacral - 5
coccyx - 1
thoracic -12
lumbar - 5
sacral - 5
coccyx - 1
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cervical vertebrae have a ____ spinous process
bifid
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cervical vertebrae have the _____ spinous process to allow for
smallest
maximum rotational capability
maximum rotational capability
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thoracic vertebrae are ______ and point _____ to prevent
longer
inferiorly to prevent hyperextension
inferiorly to prevent hyperextension
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thoracic vertebrae resemble
giraffe heads
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thoracic vertebrae have relatively ____ mobility because
low
protecting heart and lungs
protecting heart and lungs
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the spinous process of lumbar vertebrae have more ______ ______ ______ applied to them by muscles that attach here, making them ______ and _____
weight bearing force
blunter and thicker
blunter and thicker
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lumbar vertebrae resemble
moose heads
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vertebrae articulate with intervertebral discs on the
flat surfaces of their bodies
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vertebrae articulate with the ribs within the
thoracic region
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vertebrae articulate with each other in their
process regions
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the articulating surfaces of vertebrae are called
facets
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two types of vertebral facets
articulating facets and costal facets
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articulating facet
where one vertebra meets another vertebra
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costal facet
vertebra meets rib
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The vertebral arch protects
the spinal cord
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the vertebral arch is composed of the
pedicles and the laminae
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between pedicles and laminae sit the
articular processes
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the articular processes form articulations with
the superior and inferior vertebrae
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vertebral foramen is seen from a _________ view and is the
superior or inferior view
passageway for the spinal cord
passageway for the spinal cord
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the intervertebral foramen is seen from a _____ view and is the
lateral
passageway for the spinal nerves
passageway for the spinal nerves
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transverse foramina
special feature of the cervical vertebrae
protect arteries leading to the brain's arterial anastomosis
protect arteries leading to the brain's arterial anastomosis
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Distinct features of the cervical spine
Bifid spinous processes
the body is smaller and thinner than other vertebrae
Bodies have uncinate processes (lateral border) that limit lateral flexion of the cervical spine
Obliquely oriented facets
the body is smaller and thinner than other vertebrae
Bodies have uncinate processes (lateral border) that limit lateral flexion of the cervical spine
Obliquely oriented facets
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C1 is the
atlas
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the atlas's superior articular facets articulate with the
occipital bone at the occipital condyles
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C2 is the
axis
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the superior articular facets articulate with the
C1
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the transverse ligament of the atlas protects
the spinal cord from the dens of the axis
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the sacral canal ends in the
sacral hiatus
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on the anterior surface of sacrum, several anterior sacral foramina provide
spaces for the anterior rami of the sacral nerves to exit
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Annulus fibrosus
rings of collagen fibers for weight-bearing resiliency
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nucleus pulposus
watery cartilage semi-fluid ball-bearing adds shock-absorption and height
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annulus fibrosus does not ________ but the nucleus pulposus becomes _______
change much over the lifespan
thinner and loses water content (during the day and over the lifespan)
thinner and loses water content (during the day and over the lifespan)
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Anterior longitudinal ligament
broad, flat sheet that covers the anterior and lateral sides of the vertebral bodies
extends from the foramen magnum down to the sacrum
extends from the foramen magnum down to the sacrum
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posterior longitudinal ligament
runs within the vertebral canal along the posterior side of the bodies
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ligmentum flavum
highly elastic ligament
extends from the lamina of one vertebra to the lamina of its superior vertebra
makes up the posterior wall of the vertebral canal
extends from the lamina of one vertebra to the lamina of its superior vertebra
makes up the posterior wall of the vertebral canal
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intertransverse ligaments
unites the transverse processes
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interspinous ligaments
extend between the spinous processes of each vertebrae
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supraspinous ligament
runs along the very posterior surface of the spinous processes
runs from the coccyx to C7 where it merges with the nuchal ligament
runs from the coccyx to C7 where it merges with the nuchal ligament
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