Neck and Back
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crainial part of CN XI (Accessory N) innervates
pharynx
larynx
esophagus
soft palate
larynx
esophagus
soft palate
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spinal part of CN XI (Accessory N) innervates
SCM
Trapezius
Trapezius
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bones/cartilage in the neck
cervical vertebrae
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
hyoid bone
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
hyoid bone
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Pharynx parts
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
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laryngopharynx parts
Larynx
Esophagus
Esophagus
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muscles of the neck are involved in
swallowing
esophagus
esophagus
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movement of food down to the stomach is based on
smooth muscle peristalsis
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muscles of the neck can occasionally compress
the brachial plexus
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neck muscles create pressure
changes that help drive fluid flow
carotid/jugular vessels
lymph nodes
carotid/jugular vessels
lymph nodes
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neck muscles create the movements of the larynx that enable
speech and sound
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Suprahyoid muscles
mylohyoid
geniohyoid
digastric
stylohyoid
geniohyoid
digastric
stylohyoid
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suprahyoid muscles assist in
opening the mouth, swallowing and speech production
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infrahyoid muscles
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thryohyoid
omohyoid
sternothyroid
thryohyoid
omohyoid
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infrahyoid muscles originate on the ______ and insert on the ______, and pull the _____, and assist in
sternum
hyoid or thyroid cartilage
hyoid down during swallowing and assist in speech production
hyoid or thyroid cartilage
hyoid down during swallowing and assist in speech production
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scalenes function
elevate the first/second rib during inhalation
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superficial and intermediate muscles
includes extrinsic muscles that control limb and respiratory functions
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deep muscles
intrinsic muscles of the back that maintain posture and produce movements of the vertebrae
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Superficial layer of back muscles
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Latissimus dorsi
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Deep layer of back muscles
levator scapulae
rhomboid major and minor
rhomboid major and minor
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serratus posterior
two separate groups (superior and inferior)
assist in respiration
assist in respiration
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serratus posterior superior is innervated by
intercostal ns T1-4
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serratus posterior inferior is innervated by
intercostal ns T9-12
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the splenius muscles work together to
extend the neck and head
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splenius muscles work independently for
lateral flexion and rotation
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the splenius muscles get innervation of
dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves
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erector spine group function
primary extensors of the back
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choking prevention accomplished by
vestibular folds and epiglottis
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vestibular folds
superior to vocal folds
highly sensisitve
sensation triggers coughing
highly sensisitve
sensation triggers coughing
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epiglottis
most superior cartilage
folds down over larynx during swallowing
folds down over larynx during swallowing
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sound production accomplished by
vocal folds opening and closing around glottis
when taut, air can be forced through them, creating vibration
when taut, air can be forced through them, creating vibration
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pitch
stretch the vocal folds taut to make higher pitched sounds
relax the vocal folds to make lower pitched sounds
relax the vocal folds to make lower pitched sounds
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volume
more air moving through the vocal folds = louder
less air = quieter
less air = quieter
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what happens at the cricothyroid joint
adjustments to tension through movement of thyroid cartilage
the thyroid rocks forward to put more tension on the vocal vord - high pitch
thyroid rocks backward to lower the tension - lower pitch
the thyroid rocks forward to put more tension on the vocal vord - high pitch
thyroid rocks backward to lower the tension - lower pitch
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what produces a lower pitch
longer fold
thicker folds
lower tension
thicker folds
lower tension
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what produces a higher pitch
shorter fold
thinner folds
high tension
thinner folds
high tension
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testosterone and growth hormone do what to thyroid cartilage?
increase the size of thyroid cartilage
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what causes voice cracking?
when the muscles and cartilage increase at different rates, pitch changes can also occur
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The laryngeal cartilages ______ with age
ossify
doesn't ossify the joint though, so sound production itself is still flexible
doesn't ossify the joint though, so sound production itself is still flexible
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depending on when gender affiring hormone therapy begins, people going through female to male transition may not develop ______ however vocal cords can ______
a visible adam's apple
thicken - leads to deeper voice
thicken - leads to deeper voice
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testosterone hormone therapy can
thicken vocal folds, resulting in a deepening voice
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gender affirming hormone therapy for transitioning male to female will not experience a
shrinkage of adam's apple without surgical intervention
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surgery for raising voice pitch
anterior glottal web formation
cricothyroid approximation
cricothyroid approximation
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anterior glottal web formation
shortens vocal folds
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cricothyroid approximation
increase vocal fold tension
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speech therapy works to alter:
pitch
prosody (melody of speech)
vocal resonance
articulation
voice quality
speech rate
prosody (melody of speech)
vocal resonance
articulation
voice quality
speech rate