1What are the 4 functions of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange
Homeostatic regulation of pH
Protection from pathogens and foreign substance
Vocalization
2How does respiratory system transport material?
Bulk flow, no channels or carriers
3How does the respiratory system air move?
Muscular pumps that produce a pressure gradient
4What is internal respiration like?
Metabolic process in mitochondria (O2 + nutrients = CO2 and ATP).
5What is external respiration like?
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between external environment and cells
- Ventilation
- O2 and CO2 exchanged in capillaries via diffusion, blood carries O2 and CO2
- O2 leaves and CO2 enters blood at systemic capillaries
6What are Alveoli?
Connective tissue, elastin and collagen
7What are the Alveolar cells?
Type 1 - gas exchange, single layer of flattened cells
Type 2 - produce surfactant
Alveolar macrophage - Cleaning lungs, getting rid of dust
8What are the Respiratory Mechanics
Intraplural fluids and Transmural pressure and Alveolar interdependence
9Explain Intraplural fluids...
The cohesive nature will keep the lungs attached to the chest.
Pulls the lungs towards the chest wall
A major force that keeps the lungs open
10Explain Transmural pressure...
Pushes the lungs outwards
Pushes the thoracic walls inward
The gradient of alveolar and interpleural fluid pressures keeps the lungs open.
11According to Boyles Law the pressure and volume have a _____ relationship.
Inverse
12Air flows _____ alternating _____ pressure gradients.
Down, reversing
13When does air enter the lung?
(Hint: Intra-alveolar pressure)
If intra-alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
14When does air exit the lungs?
(Hint: Intra-alveolar pressure)
If intra-alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure
15What innervates bronchioles?
Autonomic nervous system
16Parasympathetic stimulation causes ______ .
Bronchialconstriction
17Sympathetic stimulation causes _____ .
Bronchialdilation
18What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Group of diseases that show and increase in resistance of air flow
19Inhalation includes what anatomy and muscles?
Diaphragm, external intercostal muscle
20Exhalation includes what muscles?
Sternocleidosmastoid, Scalenus
21What are the 2 properties of Pulmonary Elasticity
Elastic recoil - How easy the lungs rebound after stretching (inward motion)
Compliance - How much effort required to stretch the lungs (outward motion)
22Pulmonary Elasticity properties are determined by...
Elastin (protein) - Highly elastic connective tissue
Alveolar surface tension - Determined by the thin water layer that lines each alveolus. Squeezes the alveolus, producing recoil.