1What are the three main blood components formed in the bone marrow?
Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes)
2What does a CBC evaluate?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
3What is the normal RBC range?
3.6 – 5.4
4What is the normal hematocrit range?
37% – 50%
5What is the normal hemoglobin range?
12 – 16.5
6What is the normal total WBC range?
5,000 – 10,000
7What is the normal neutrophil percentage?
47% – 63%
8What is the normal lymphocyte percentage?
24% – 40%
9What is the normal platelet range?
150,000 – 400,000
10What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
Deliver oxygen to tissues via hemoglobin
11What does hematocrit measure?
The percentage of blood made up of red blood cells
12What does a low hematocrit indicate?
Blood loss or fluid overload
13What does a high hematocrit indicate?
Dehydration
14What is hypoxia?
Low oxygen at the tissue level
15What are classic signs of hypoxia from anemia?
Fatigue, tachypnea, tachycardia, pallor
16What is pallor?
Pale skin and mucous membranes due to low hemoglobin or RBCs
17What is anemia?
Decreased RBCs, hemoglobin, and hematocrit causing tissue hypoxia
18What are the three major causes of anemia?
Blood loss, decreased or faulty RBC production, and RBC destruction
19What is the most common nutritional anemia worldwide?
Iron deficiency anemia
20Why is iron necessary for RBC production?
Iron is required to produce hemoglobin
21What are causes of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Poor diet, lack of intrinsic factor, gastric surgery, Crohn’s disease
22Why are lifelong B12 injections required without intrinsic factor?
Vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed without intrinsic factor
23What hormone stimulates RBC production?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
24How does kidney failure cause anemia?
Decreased erythropoietin leads to decreased RBC production
25What is hemolytic anemia?
Anemia caused by red blood cells being destroyed faster than they can be replaced
26What is the inheritance pattern of sickle cell anemia?
Autosomal recessive
27What commonly triggers sickle cell crisis?
Dehydration, infection, and hypoxia
28What are the three types of sickle cell crisis?
Vaso-occlusive, sequestration, and aplastic
29What is the priority treatment for sickle cell crisis?
Oxygen, IV fluids, and pain medication
30Sickle cell crisis is primarily a problem of what ABC category?
Circulation
31What is polycythemia?
Too many red blood cells causing thick blood (hyperviscosity)
32What causes secondary polycythemia?
Chronic hypoxia such as COPD, sleep apnea, or high altitude
33What is the treatment for polycythemia?
Phlebotomy, oxygen, and aspirin
34What is leukocytosis?
Elevated white blood cell count
35What is leukopenia?
Decreased white blood cell count
36What type of infection increases neutrophils?
Acute bacterial infection
37What type of infection increases lymphocytes?
Viral or chronic bacterial infection
38What is leukemia?
Malignant overproduction of nonfunctioning white blood cells crowding the bone marrow
39Why do leukemia patients develop anemia, infection, and bleeding?
Bone marrow crowding suppresses RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
40What is thrombocytopenia?
Platelet count less than 140,000 causing increased bleeding risk
41What is thrombocytosis?
Elevated platelet count increasing clot risk
42What are petechiae?
Pinpoint hemorrhages of small capillaries
43What is purpura?
Red or purple skin discoloration that does not blanch with pressure
44What is ecchymosis?
Bruising from blood leaking into tissues under the skin
45What is epistaxis?
Bleeding from the nose
46What is menorrhagia?
Excessive menstrual bleeding
47What is hemorrhage?
Blood leaving a blood vessel internally or externally
48What is hypovolemia?
Decreased circulating blood volume
49What is tachycardia?
Increased heart rate
50What is tachypnea?
Increased respiratory rate
51What is Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)?
An autoimmune disorder that destroys platelets
52What is DIC?
A coagulation disorder causing both widespread clotting and hemorrhage
53What happens first in DIC?
Massive clot formation that depletes platelets and clotting factors
54Why does bleeding occur in DIC?
Clotting factors and platelets become exhausted
55What are common triggers of DIC?
Sepsis, trauma, burns, obstetric complications, and cancer
56What lab findings are seen in DIC?
Decreased platelets and increased D-dimer
57What is hemophilia?
A genetic bleeding disorder caused by clotting factor deficiency
58If an anemic patient has a low PaO2 on ABG, what condition is present?
Hypoxia