1What is the main function of cytokines in innate?
(produced by many different cell types) to increase acute-phase reactants and recruit WBC to area of infection
2How are cytokines for adaptive immune response different from innate?
secreted mainly by T cells (especially Th cells)
3What are the 3 main subclasses of Th cells?
1. T helper 1 (Th1)
2. T helper 2 (Th2)
3. T regulatory cells (Treg)
4What is the other subset of Th that takes part both innate and adaptive response?
T helper 17 (Th17)
5What is the differentiation of Th1, Th2, and Treg cells influenced by (general)?
spectrum of cytokines expressed in initial response
6What triggers Th1 expression?
IL-12 by dendritic cells
7What is Th1 primarily responsible for?
cell-mediated immunity
8What is the primary purpose of Th2?
drive antibody-mediated immunity
10What are Tregs derived from?
naïve T cells in response to TGF-B
11What is the general purpose of Tregs?
helps regulate the activities of Th1 and Th2
12How is the differentiation of Th1 cells triggered?
IL-12 (released from damaged dc, mq, and B cells) binds receptor to naïve T cells and cause differentiation to Th1
13What cytokines are produced from Th1?
Interferon-y (IFN-y) and Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
14What is Th1 responsible for (from ppt)?
1. promotes tumor immunity
2. protect against intracellular pathogens
3. drives autoimmunity
15What cytokines are produced from Th2?
IL-4 and IL-10
16What is necessary for lymphocyte activation when MHC is recognized by T cell?
co-stimulatory signal (CD80 or CD86)
17What is Th2 responsible for (from ppt)?
1. extracellular pathogens
2. allergy
3. asthma
18What do Tregs express?
CD25+, CD4, Foxp3
19What is the purpose of Tregs?
1. suppress immune response to self
2. promote immune tolerance
3. secrete inhib cytokines
4. control inflammation and immune mechanisms by suppression
20What is the purpose of IL-10 and TGF-B?
keeps immune response in check at environmental interfaces (like colon and lungs)
21What is the purpose of Foxp3?
modulate and suppresses activity of other T cells
22Where are Tregs CD4+ CD25+ selected?
in thymus
23What is the key role of Tregs? (book)
establishing peripheral tolerance to a wide variety of self-antigens, allergens, tumor antigens, transplant antigens, and infectious agents
24How do CD4+ CD25+ Tregs establish tolerance?
through actions of TGF-B
25What does TGF-B do?
induce expression of Foxp3
26What is Foxp3?
transcription factor that causes Treg cells to suppress activity of other T cells
27What is the purpose of Tregs in transplanted tissue?
help establish tolerance to the graft by the host immune and through the alteration of antigen presentation
28What do Tregs induce?
IL-10 and TGF-B in adaptive T regulatory 1 (Tr1) cells
29What does TGF-B do?
downregulates function of APCs and blocks proliferation and cytokine production by CD4+ T cells
30How does Tregs limit autoimmunity?
network of cytokines to establish peripheral tolerance to certain antigens
31Where is Treg featured prominently?
autoimmune and auto-inflammatory disorder
32What kind of regulation is Treg?
negative regulation of immune-mediated inflammation
33What are Treg's functions (from last picture in ppt)?
1. suppress tumor immunity
2. promote immune tolerance
3. maintains lymphocyte homeostasis
34What do Th1 and Th17 affect?
Cytotoxic T cells and mq --> cell-mediated immunity
35What do Th2 (and Th9) affect?
mast cells, B cells, eosinophils --> humoral immunity