1What is the Looking Glass Self?
How we think others see us shapes our self-concept (Charles Horton Cooley)
2What is Differential Association?
Criminal behavior is learned through exposure to negative influences (Edwin H. Sutherland)
3What is Labeling Theory?
Negative labeling can increase deviant behavior (Howard S. Becker)
4What is Conflict Theory?
Crime is a product of social and economic inequality (Karl Marx)
5What is Peacemaking Criminology?
Humanistic approach to crime control that emphasizes reconciliation
6What is Liberal Feminism?
Focuses on women's equality and freedom of choice
7What is Socialist Feminism?
Focuses on class and equality for women
8What is Radical Feminism?
Opposes male dominance and seeks to eliminate it
9What is Marxist Feminism?
Capitalism makes women submissive
10What is Intersectional Feminism?
Focuses on how compounded inequalities contribute to female deviance
11What is Left Realism?
Focuses on crime prevention strategies rather than causes
12What is Victimology?
Study of victims of crime and psychological effects
13What is Secondary Victimization?
Further victimization due to responses of individuals/institutions
14What is Routine Activity Theory?
Victimization increases with motivated offenders, suitable targets, and absence of capable people
15What is the Classical School of Criminology?
Criminals are rational beings deterred by punishment
16What is the Positivist School of Criminology?
Science to measure behavior and advocate rehab over punishment
17What is the Neoclassical School of Criminology?
Offenders didn't have a choice and should be treated leniently
18What is Criminalistics?
Science of crime detection and investigation (DNA analysis, etc.)
19What is the Political Economy Perspective on crime?
Women turn to prostitution out of economic necessity
20What is the Looking Glass Self?
How we perceive ourselves is influenced by how we think others perceive us.
21What is Differential Association?
Criminal behavior is learned through association with criminal others.
22What is Labeling Theory?
Negative labels can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies and increased deviance.
23What is Strain Theory?
Strain or stress can lead to deviance when people lack legitimate means to achieve cultural goals.
24What is Control Theory?
Social bonds and social control prevent individuals from engaging in crime.
25What is Routine Activity Theory?
Crime occurs when motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardians converge in time and space.
26What is the Classical School of Criminology?
Criminals are rational actors who weigh the costs and benefits of crime.
27What is the Positivist School of Criminology?
Crime is influenced by biological, psychological, and sociological factors.
28What is the Chicago School of Criminology?
Urban environments and social disorganization contribute to crime.
29What is Critical Criminology?
Crime is a product of social inequality and power structures.
Key Theorists
30Who is Charles Horton Cooley?
A sociologist who developed the concept of the Looking Glass Self.
31Who is Edwin H. Sutherland?
A sociologist who developed Differential Association Theory.
32Who is Howard Becker?
A sociologist who developed Labeling Theory.
33Who is Émile Durkheim?
A sociologist who studied the impact of social integration and regulation on crime.
34Who is Robert Merton?
A sociologist who developed Strain Theory.
35Who is Travis Hirschi?
A sociologist who developed Control Theory.
36Who is Cesare Beccaria?
An Italian criminologist who advocated for humane and rational criminal justice.
37Who is Jeremy Bentham?
A British philosopher who advocated for utilitarian principles in criminal justice.
38Who is Cesare Lombroso?
An Italian criminologist who believed that criminals were biological "throwbacks."
39Who is Robert K. Merton?
A sociologist who developed Strain Theory.