1The experimenter is collecting data in an experiment on a sample set of
subjects in an attempt to validate some hypothesis involving a population.
Hypothesis Testing
2In these types of experiments, the experimenter is interested in
determining the magnitude of a population characteristic.
Parameter Estimation
3To generalize validly from the sample to the population, both in __ and in
parameter estimation experiments, the sample cannot be just any subset of the population.
Rather, it is crucial that the sample is a random sample
hypothesis testing
4Defined as a sample selected from the population by a process that ensures
that (1) each possible sample of a given size has an equal chance of being selected and (2) all
the members of the population have an equal chance of being selected into the sample
Random Sample
5List the two reasons as to why a sample should be a random sample
• First, to generalize from a sample to a population, it is necessary to apply the laws of
probability to the sample. If the sample has not been generated by a process ensuring
that each possible sample of that size has an equal chance of being selected, then we
can’t apply the laws of probability to the sample.
• The second reason for random sampling is that, to generalize from a sample to a
population, it is necessary that the sample be representative of the population. One way
to achieve representativeness is to choose the sample by a process that ensures that all
the members of the population have an equal chance of being selected into the sample.
6Defined as a method of sampling in which each member of the population selected for the sample is returned to the population before the next member
is selected.
Sampling with Replacement
7Defined as a method of sampling in which the members
of the sample are not returned to the population before subsequent members are selected.
Sampling without Replacement
8Used to describe the likelihood that an outcome will occur
Probability
9Can be used to predict any random event
Probability
10Unnecessary in a fixed event-any event in which the outcome observed does not change
Probability
11any event in which the outcomes observed
can vary
random event
12Can be deduced with reason alone, without experience
Priori (Classical Viewpoint)
13“After the fact”; in the context of probability, it means
after some data have been collected
Posteriori (Empirical Viewpoint)
14what are the various ways to express a probability
It can be written as a fraction, decimal, percent, or proportion
15Probability can never be?
negative
16An event is either
probable or improbable
17It is the set of all possible events.
sample space
18 In probability, an event is defined as a particular outcome.
Event
19They are events such that if one occurs, the other cannot
occur.
Mutually exclusive events
20Events that together encompass the entire sample
space.
Mutually exhaustive events
21Events that occur independently of each other
Independent events
22Concerned with determining the probability of occurrence of any one of several
possible events.
Addition Rule
23Concerned with the joint or successive occurrence of several events.
Multiplication Rule