Genetics - global diversity + local adaptation
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1
Define fitness
Surviving long enough to reproduce
Attract a mate
Fertility
No. of offspring
Attract a mate
Fertility
No. of offspring
2
What does natural selection require?
Heritable variation in population
Differential reproductive success
Differential reproductive success
3
2 ways in which variation can be recovered after genetic bottleneck
Migration (admixture)
Mutation
Mutation
4
Small populations lead to lower/higher diversity within groups and lower/higher divergence between them
- Lower diversity, lower divergence
- Lower diversity, higher divergence
- Higher diversity, higher divergence
- Higher diversity, lower divergence
5
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6
Humans have _______ genetic diversity
- Low
- High
7
What might low human diversity reflect?
Low ancient population size
8
6 advantages of using mtDNA to study ancestry
+ Small size (< 20,000 bp)
+ Many copies so easier to isolate
+ High mutation rate
+ Non-recombining
+ Maternal inheritance so simpler tree
+ Single stranded
+ Many copies so easier to isolate
+ High mutation rate
+ Non-recombining
+ Maternal inheritance so simpler tree
+ Single stranded
9
Define haplotype
Physical grouping of polymorphisms that tend to be inherited together
10
What can mitochondrial haplotypes be used for?
Track migration of ppl
11
Features of Y chromosome
Higher mutation rate than autosomes
Does not recombine
Only 1 copy per cell
Offers highest genealogical resolution of all non-recombining loci in human genome
Does not recombine
Only 1 copy per cell
Offers highest genealogical resolution of all non-recombining loci in human genome
12
What did Li et al find and when?
2008
Looked at autosomal DNA
Reduced genetic diversity further from Africa
Decreasing heterozygosity in autosomal DNA ouside of Africa
Supports Out of Africa model
Looked at autosomal DNA
Reduced genetic diversity further from Africa
Decreasing heterozygosity in autosomal DNA ouside of Africa
Supports Out of Africa model
13
Define short tandem repeats
Within non-coding regions of DNA
Made up of repeating elements
Made up of repeating elements
14
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15
Between which 3 populations has convergent evolution been found to adapt to hypoxic environments?
Tibet
Ethiopia
Andes
Ethiopia
Andes
16
Define introgression
Transfer of genetic material between species following hybridisation and backcrossing to the parental species
17
Outline the 2 phases of admixture that have been identified in the Tibetan population
Introgression of EPASI variant (a hypoxia-inducible factor) from Denisovan hominins
Later admixture of lowland and highland populations introduced adaptive EAPSI1 and ELGN1 variants (another HIF)
Later admixture of lowland and highland populations introduced adaptive EAPSI1 and ELGN1 variants (another HIF)
18
Most genetic variation between rather than within groups
- True
- False