1Is evolution a random process?
No, it is a filter
2What were the western thoughts before Darwin (Aristotle)?
That there were fixed ideal species and there was a ladder of nature that increased in order of complexity
3What were the non-western thoughts before Darwin?
Mostly religious spiritual and philosophical traditions
4Who is the Father of Taxonomy?
Linnaeus
5Who invented binomial naming?
Linnaeus
6What is the mnemonic device to help remember the taxonomy order?
King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain
7What is gradualism?
The idea that earth's geological features could be explained by gradual mechanisms (like rivers creating valleys) - slow, continuous process
8Who's ideas heavily influenced Darwin?
Hutton
9Who came up with gradualism?
James Hutton
10Who is the Father of Modern Geology?
Charles Lyell
11What is uniformitarism?
The same geological processes that happened in the past are still occuring today at the same rate
12Who developed the theory of adaption (pre-Darwin)?
Lamarck
13What was the theory of adaption before Darwin?
Extinct species have been replaced by descendants with new features/living forms descended from ancient forms that no longer exist
14What is Lamarckism?
The idea of use & disuse/ use it or lose it when it came to characteristics
15What are Darwin's two theories?
Descent with modification and natural selection
16What is divergence?
When a species is diverging from their ancestors
17What are homologous structures?
Forms related by common ancestry - they are the same bones, just different sizes to fit the new species - they all descend from the same ancestor
18What are vestigial structures?
A remnant of ancestral structures that no longer have a function (eyes on a blind cave salamander)
19What is convergence?
When unrelated species have similar adaptations under similar environmental conditions
20What does biogeography mean?
Distribution of species corresponds to geographic history (Australian marsupials)
21What is the strongest evidence of evolution and common ancestors?
DNA sequence
22How are morphological species identified?
Through physical similarities and differences
23How are ecological species identified?
Ecological niches (adapting to environment and such)
24How are phylogenetic species identified?
Through evolutionary ancestry and genetic data
25How are biological species identified?
Through reproductive isolation (ability to breed)
26What is a morphological species?
The smallest set of organisms that look alike
27What are ecological species?
A set of organisms adapted to a specific set of resources
28What are the prezygotic isolations?
Temporal, habitat, behavioral, gametic, and mechanical
29What is gametic isolation?
The gametes cannot fuse together
30What are the post zygotic isolations?
Hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, and hybrid breakdown
31What is hybrid inviability?
An embryo is produced, but cannot survive development
32What is hybrid breakdown?
When a second generation hybrid is weak or sterile
33What is microevolution?
Changes over time in an allele frequency within a population (allele changes)
34What is macroevolution?
The processes that gave rise to new species and higher taxonomic groups with widely divergent characters (new species)
35What is allopatric speciation?
Some sort of geographic isolation
36What is sympatric speciation?
When there is no geographical isolation/occurs in the same area
37What is a hybrid zone?
An area where two closely related species interact and interbreed
38What is reinforcement?
When the hybrids are less fit than either purebred species, so the species continue to diverge until hybridization can no longer occur
39What is fusion?
When the reproductive barriers weaken until two species become one
40What is incipient speciation?
When they are in the process of becoming two species
41What is adaptive radiation?
The rapid evolutionary diversification of a single ancestral lineage into multiple new species, each adapted to exploit different ecological niches or resources
42What is aneuploidy?
When gametes have too many or too few chromosomes
43What is polyploidy?
When organisms have extra set or sets of chromosomes as a result of an error in meiosis
44What is autoploidy?
Two or more complete sets of chromosomes after division all derived from a single species
45What is alloploidy?
When gametes from two different species combine forming hybrid offspring
46What is punctuated equilibrium?
When species exhibit a large change in a relatively short period of time followed by long periods of stasis