130 midterm

formed directly from cooling magma (basalt, granite, pumice, olivine)

formed from sediments that are cemented and compressed over many years ( sandstone, shale, limestone, dolomite)

formed from sedimentary rock at deeper depths rhat go through further transformation (heat and pressure) (e.g. marble) can transform back into magma if located deeo enough so melting takes place

exoansion/contraction of rocks; heating and cooling of rocks; water seepage in pores; freeze and thaw cycles; move or glacier ice; wind; running waterivers/ocean NO CHANGE IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ROCKS TAKE PLACE

atmospheric h2o and co2 react wirh rhe rock minerals; reaction forms new mineraks salts and acids; salts already present in groundwater will also react with the rock minerals THE ROCK MINERALS ARE TRANSFORMED INTO NEW MINERAKS THROUGH CHEMICAL REACTIONS

pieces id rock with occasional other minerals

smaller particles mostly consisting of feldspar and quartz

very small particles microscopic soil fractions consist of fine quartz grains or flake shaped particles

mostly flaked shaped microscopic and sub microscopic particles of clay minerals; aluminum silicates composed of silica tetrahedron and alumina octahedron

sands

moisture content at which the soil transforms from complete solid state to a semisolid state

the moisture content at which the soil transforms from a semisolid to a plastic state

the moisture cintent at which the soil transforms from a plastic state and becomes liquid

the strength of the soil; settlement ; stability of slopes ; permeability ; swelling and shrinkage characteristics; frost susceptibility

mechanical energy is applied to the soil using vibratory equipment, weights, dynamic compaction methods; the voids reduce as the soil densifies