Biology: Levels of Organization

Smallest particle of an element ex. Carbon

A group of atoms bonded together ex. Carbon Dioxide

Basic unit of life ex. stomach cell

A group of similar cells that perform the same function. ex. epithelial tissue

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body ex. stomach

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function ex. digestive system

Any living thing ex. you

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

slow (bradycardia)

outside of

within

upon

above

below

large

small

beside

disease

fast

pertaining to the heart

cell

skin

stomach

blood

liver

muscle

nerve

excision, removal

inflammation

study of

destruction

disease

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

contains the brain

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

contains the heart

contains the lungs

contains heart and lungs

contains the spinal cord

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

divides body into right and left regions

Higher on the body, nearer to the head

Lower on the body, farther from the head

toward the back

front of the body

toward the midline

Away from the midline of the body

Nearer to the trunk of the body

Farther from the trunk of the body

A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules

A process in which large molecules are broken down

to build or make

series of linked chemical reactions

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

controls what goes in and out of the nucleus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled.

Makes lipids

site of protein synthesis

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

encloses the cell, regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell.

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts

Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility.

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.

The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.

A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

the ratio between the number of cells in mitosis to the total number of cells.

any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division

A cancer-causing substance

skin cancer

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Having the same solute concentration as another solution.

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.

Tissue made of cells capable of contracting.

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts