SEAD 540

incorporating social and economic cultural relationships with issues of materials, energy and the environment

1. linear - external resources
2. some circularity - connect inputs and outputs
3. greatest cricularity

1. view of components of industrial economu and their relationship with the biosphere
2. biophysical substratum of human activities (MF) are focus
3. dynamics of cluster of key technology for the transition to a viable and sustainable industrial ecosystem

science of the physical functioning of society
study of human transformation of materials and energy from an ecosystem perspective
industrial systems viewed in concert with their surrounding systems
optimize material cycle

1. quantify material flows and stocks to understand our changing demand for resources , how they are met and potential for circularity
2. quantify environmental and health impacts of tech and how to redesign them for lower impact
3. how physical flows move thorugh economy and among firms to enable effective supply chain management and use of resources
4. understand relationship between humans and technology and role of human behaviour, psychology in effective management of techn systems

intermediate product in transformation of resources to final products

industrial process or piece of equipment that results in a transformation

sequences of transformations that convert resources to final products

tracing material and energy flows from initial extraction of resources through industrial and consumer systems to final disposal

distinction from biological =
each industry metabolite and enzyme is know
biological asumes steady state while industrial looks at pertubations
material requirement planning explores alternatives

metabolism = aggregate of all physical and chemical processes taking plcae with a group of organisms
move industrial systems to type 3
need to apply systems thinking

familiar framework
enable borrowing tiiks from biology
highlights opportunities to optimize
makes abstract industrial processes more concrete

no primary producer akin to photosynthesizers
no product/markers in biosphere
evolution in nature is random by nature, but in industry is directed by invention

amount of particular species or group in an area

1. list principle reservoirs of stock
2. determine stocks in reservoirs
3. quantify # of each stock in a region
stock = sum of units x material intensity per unit (m / n)

1. sequence of time intervals with input and output flows for reservoirs
2. gain loss sequence repeated unitl in-use stocks can be calculated

method to describe, investigate and evaluate metabolism of anthropogenic and geogenic systems
determine in use and hibernating

examines system over time

measure the degree to which material is receycled in a way such that physical and chemical properties are retained

substance = chemical element or compound
goods = economic entities
materials = substances and goods
process = transformation, transport, or storage of materials
flow = massnit of time
flux = flow per cross section (person, country)
activities = all relevant porcesses, flows, stocks of goods and substances required for a humna need

-placing a system in context
- anthrosphere = technosphere
- lithosphere = solid, outer part of earth
- hydroosphere = sum amount of water on earth

reduce uncertainty
tech forecasts assume a "learning rate" that is unrelated to R&D

SRES scenarios
scenario = potential future
storyline = main characteristics, dynamics, and relationships between key driving forces
scenario family = 1 or more scenario that have dame politico-societal, economic, and tech storyline

1. develop storyline
2. ask questions
3. incorporate essential elements into scoping
4. identify the most important motivating forces
5. quantify indicators
6.compare scenario results with original storyline, then iterate

IE willcnot reach optimum utility without good scenarios
early IE scenarios show promise and help decision making
lots of work left to do

1. problem defintion
2. system definition
3. determination of stocks and flows --> mass flows, balancing goods, determine concentrations, balancing substances
4. illustration and interpretation

tracking material flows at different organization levels
spatial boundary - as small and consistent capture processes and flows
temporal boundary - often year

- defines scope and focus, determine data, influence policy
should be selected based on MFA purpose
1. can you legislation or standards that list relevant substances
2. relevance of substances in the important flows of goods must be evaluated --> get 90% of flows

from databases
proxies to estimate data of interest
measure mass flows and substance concentrations

balance
flow = mass flux and substance flux
stcoks = m and x
output mass = sum of factrion of materials entering a process x input mass flux

= mass x c
dif of 10% is normal in balancing

1. aleatory variability: inherent variability associated with system, can not be reduced- only understood
2. epistemic uncertainty - arises due to insufficient knowledge, can be reduced with firther investigation

functional = discarded, speretaed and return to raw material production - closed cycle
non functional = protion of EOL recycling in which metal is collected as old metal scrap and used in a material stream as 'tramp' - open cycle

1. in use dissipated = uses may be beneficial but prospects for recycing are very small
2. currently unrecyclable
3. potentially recyclable
4. unspecified

EOL Recycling = scrap/metal / EOL products metal content
RC = (j+m) / (a+j+m)
j = scrap frabrication, a = primary metal input m = tailing and scraps

1. eliminate waste and production
2. ciculate products and materials (at highest value)
3. regenerate nature

3- reduce, reuse, recycle
10 - refuse, rethingk, repair, refurbish, remanufacture, repurpose, recover

recovery depends on efficiency and purity

high cirticiality

100% recycling efficiency is impossible
lack of understanding
population growth
consumer behaviour

long-run behaviour
systems marked by existance of multiple states
agents can move from 1 state to another
unit of material is the agent and has probablities of transition to the next stage -> each is independent
after a number of steps how much of the metal is left?

safety
cost
effectiveness
performance
2nd life market -> financial feasibility

1, chicken little = supplies of many critical resources will soon be exhausted
2. cornocopian = adequate supllies or alternatives will be available indefinitely

sea floor deposits could substantially increase reserves
engineering challenges
environmental risk to marine life
curbing demand

short-lived = perhaps surmountable with effort and expense
long-lived = disruptions could create hardships that may even be permanent

need to be essential in use and subject to supply restriction
use= essential function where few or no alternative exist
supply = high probability that supply may be restricted

design choice =
stability of producing countries plays a role
designer may consider inferior material

political =
government may choose to establish a stockpile, increase mining, embrace CE options

1. non-metallic: largest (sand gravel)
2. fossil fuels
3. biomass: adequate supply expected
4. metal ores = supply may not meet demand

total mass of resource flows caused by economic and non economic activities
direct and indirect activities
envrionmental impacts not directly analyzed
little work on mass flows

1. estimate tech flows and outflows using stock flow dynamics
2. calculate material intensity and TMR intensity of important materials
3. indentify and analyze hidden flows

process based modelling tool for quantfying the total cost of production, usually carried out from a manufacturing perspective when considering investment in a new product or process
- process flow diagram
- mdoel how production costs will be influenced by external factorss (eg crbon capture)
- result = minimum selling price across prdocuts fom Co2 utilization
focus on cost estimation for process manufacturing

covers the entire life cycle cists of a physical asset
considers ownership costs over lifetime

quantofoes environmental costs in terms of economic damages or benefits rther than environmental health consequences

quantify capital and operating costs
apply cash discounting
compare options
inform investment decisions

Difference = ownership perspective and cradle to grave scope

market failure = markets do not account for all costs - such as those incurred by society
several ways to correct failure = quantification and inclusion of externalities in decision making

Economic valuation = quantification and inclusion of externalities in decision making

pigovian tax = equal to difference between social and private marginal cost
polluter pay
regulations
public policy (deal with deadweight loss)

estimate GHG emissions with climate models
assign social costs based on # of people affected
assign monetary value to each LCA category'
estimate the discounted present value of damages from additional tonnes of Co2

policy evaluation = paths but they are not optimized
policy optimization model = have objective or welfare function that is maxed and can be used to evaluate alternative paths or polcies

can analyze relationship aand trade off between technological, economic, and environmental impacts of specific technology
qualitative
combined indicator based integration
preference based integration