1What are the levels of biological organization studied in BIO181?
Molecular and cellular levels
2Which three domains make up the tree of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
3What type of cells do plants have, and which domain do they belong to?
Eukaryotic; Eukarya
4What is the definition of a hypothesis in science?
A testable statement that explains a phenomenon
5What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
A hypothesis is narrow and testable; a theory is broad and supported by evidence
6What property of life refers to the internal balance organisms maintain?
Homeostasis
7What are the building blocks of matter?
Atoms
8What is an element?
A substance made of one type of atom that cannot be broken down further
9What determines the atomic number of an atom?
The number of protons
10What do isotopes of an element differ in?
The number of neutrons
11What kind of bond is formed when electrons are transferred?
Ionic bond
12What kind of bond involves the sharing of electrons?
Covalent bond
13What type of bond is weak but important in water and DNA structure?
Hydrogen bond
14Why is water less dense as a solid than a liquid?
Hydrogen bonds form a structured lattice in ice
15What allows water to moderate temperature?
Hydrogen bonds absorb and release heat
16What is a buffer?
A substance that minimizes changes in pH
17What makes carbon versatile in forming organic molecules?
It can form four covalent bonds
18What is the pH scale a measure of?
The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
19What are the four major classes of biological macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
20What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
21What type of reaction builds polymers by removing water?
Dehydration synthesis
22Which process breaks down polymers into monomers?
Hydrolysis
23What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acid
24What are nucleic acids made of?
Nucleotides
25Where do carbohydrates primarily come from?
Plants
26What is chitin and where is it found?
A polysaccharide in the exoskeleton of arthropods
27Which macromolecule stores genetic information?
Nucleic acids
28What is the function of lipids?
Energy storage and membrane structure
29What type of carbohydrate is fiber made from?
Polysaccharides
30What determines the chemical reactivity of an atom?
The number of electrons in its outer shell
31Which molecule is the “solvent of life”?
Water