MileDown's MCAT Decks

In element notation, A is the  

In element notation, Z is the  

  is the weighted average of the masses of an element's isotopes

The   states that an atom is mostly empty space, with electrons orbiting a fixed, positively charged nucleus

According to the  , electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that have a set size and energy

The   states that it is impossible to know the momentum and position of an electron simultaneously

  states that all orbitals must first have one electron before any orbital can obtain a second electron

The   states that no two electrons can share the same four identical quantum numbers

Avogadro’s Number =  

Planck’s Constant (h) =  

Speed of Light (c) =  

Give the equation for energy of a photon:

 

Diamagnetic materials are   by an external magnetic field

Paramagnetic materials are   an external magnetic field

He is  

Li is  

Quantum number   is the principal quantum number and gives the electron  

Quantum number   is the azimuthal quantum number and gives the   of an orbital

Quantum number   is the magnetic quantum number and gives the orbital  

Quantum number   is the spin quantum number and gives the   of the electron

The maximum number of electrons in a single energy level in terms of principal quantum number =  

The maximum number of electrons in a single subshell in terms of the azimuthal quantum number =  

A/an   is an atom or molecule with an unpaired electron

The Azimuthal quantum number for this orbital is  

The Azimuthal quantum number for this orbital is  

The Azimuthal quantum number for this orbital is  

The Azimuthal quantum number for this orbital is  

Give the principal and azimuthal quantum number labels for the periodic table

 

The   states that electrons will fill the lower energy levels before moving to higher energy orbitals

The elements in the group labeled with ? are known as  

The elements in the group labeled with ? are known as  

The elements in the groups labeled with ? are known as  

The elements in the group labeled with ? are known as  

The elements in the group labeled with ? are known as  

The elements in the groups labeled with ? are known as  

The elements in the group labeled with ? are known as  

The elements in the group labeled with ? are known as  

The elements in the groups labeled with ? are known as  

  is the attractive positive charge of nuclear protons acting on valence electrons

What is the periodic trend for effective nuclear charge?

 

  is the amount of energy required to remove an electron

What is the periodic trend for ionization energy?

 

  is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to the atom

What is the periodic trend for electron affinity?

 

  is a measure of how strongly atoms attract electrons

What is the periodic trend for electronegativity?

 

What is the periodic trend for atomic size?

 

Give the approximate electronegativity values of H, C, N, O, and F

 

A/an   bond is the sharing of electrons between two elements

  bonds are when a single atom provides both bonding electrons

  bonds are formed by the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms

  refers to the number of bonds between two atoms (single, double, or triple bond)

The greater the number of bonds (bond order) the   the bond strength and the   the bond

Non-polar bonds have a △EN that is  

Polar bonds have a △EN that is between   and  

Cations are ions with a   charge

Anions are ions with a   charge

  are large, organized arrays of ions

Hydrogen bonds are most often formed between hydrogen and the following elements:  

Van der Waals Forces is a general term that includes   forces and   forces

  forces are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule

  forces are temporary attractive forces created when a temporary dipole induces a dipole in a neighboring molecule

Place in order of strength:

hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole forces, and London dispersion forces

 

  bonds are formed by head-on overlapping between atomic orbitals

  bonds are formed by lateral (side-by-side) overlap of atomic orbitals

  is the charge given to an individual element within a molecule

Give the formula for formal charge

Formal Charge =  

O is the hydrogen bond  

N is the hydrogen bond  

The bond angle of an sp hybridized atom is  

The bond angle of an sp2 hybridized atom is  

The bond angle of an sp3 hybridized atom is  

Bond angles of an sp3d hybridized atom are   and  

The bond angle of an sp3d2 hybridized atom is  

An H2O molecule is a bent because  

An   formula is the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms

The   formula shows the exact number of atoms of each element

The nucleoid region is found in   and contains  

The nucleolus makes  

Peroxisomes   material

The   ER makes proteins from mRNA

The   ER is involved in detox and also in lipid formation

The   modifies and distributes proteins

In the Vesicular Transport Model, the cis-, medial-, and trans-Golgi cisternae are   structures

In the Cisternal Maturation Model, cisternae  

  are the demolition and recycling center

Centrioles contain 9 groups of   and they pull   apart

A/an   is a small prokaryotic DNA molecule separate from chromosomal DNA

Microfilaments make up part of the cell's  

Microtubules help the cell   compression forces

This is an example of   epithelial tissue

This is an example of   epithelial tissue

This is an example of   epithelial tissue

This is an example of   epithelial tissue

This is an example of   epithelial tissue

This is an example of   epithelial tissue

This is an example of   epithelial tissue

This is an example of   epithelial tissue

Bone, cartilage, tendon, and blood are examples of   tissue

Epithelial tissue covers   and   surfaces of the body

This is an example of   bacteria

This is an example of   bacteria

This is an example of   bacteria

  require O2

  die in O2

  toggle between aerobic and anaerobic

  do not use O2 but tolerate it

Gram + is   and has a   wall

Gram - is   and has a   wall

  is when bacteria gets genetic info from the environment

Conjugation is the transfer genetic info via a/an  

  is the transfer genetic material using a bacteriophage

  are DNA sequences that can change their position within a genome

In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the  

In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the  

Eukaryotic cells reproduce via  

Prokaryotic cells reproduce via  

  are infectious proteins and can trigger misfolding

  are plant pathogens

  are bacteria viruses that use a tail sheath to inject DNA / RNA

A/an   is the protein shell of a virus

  are individual virus particles that are found extracellular

  genomes may be made of DNA or RNA and may be single or double stranded

A   sense RNA strand is itself an mRNA and can be transcribed directly into DNA

Retroviruses are single stranded  

In a   bacteriophage life cycle, virions are made until the cell lyses

During the  , cells synthesize mRNA and proteins

A cell will enter   if it does not need to divide

At the   checkpoint, cells choose whether or not to divide

DNA is replicated in the  

In the  , cells grow and make organelles

At the   checkpoint, the cell will check that the DNA has replicated correctly

Mitosis and cytokinesis occur in the  

The four phases of Mitosis:

 
 
 
 

Interphase includes  

In  , the DNA condenses, centrioles migrate to opposite poles, and microtubules form

In  , chromosomes meet in middle of the cell

In  , sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

In  , chromosomes decondense, the nuclear membrane forms, and cytokinesis occurs

The number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell is referred to as the   of a cell

The phases of meiosis:

 

  is when sister chromatids don’t separate properly during anaphase

  is when two chromosomes of a homologous pair exchange segments with each other

Crossing over occurs in  

  states that two alleles of each gene become separated and only one allele from each parent will be passed to the offspring

The law of segregation occurs in  

Female chromosome pairs are  

Male chromosome pairs are  

  refers to genetic conditions associated with mutations in genes on the X chromosome

In males with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation   be expressed

In females with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation   be expressed

The   is responsible for initiation of male sex determination and codes for testicles

Semen is a combination of   and  

The   makes viscous fluid to clean out the urethra

  and the   make alkaline fluid to help sperm survive the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract

Pathway of sperm during ejaculation:

 

The   have follicles that produce ova

  is the production of female gametes

  develops the female reproductive tract and thickens the uterine wall

  maintains and protects the endometrium

Female egg pathway:

 

  induces ovulation in females and, in males, it initiates the production of testosterone

GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release   and  

Fertilization occurs in the  

A/an   is a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum

A/an   is a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres that implants in the endometrial lining

  develops into the nervous system, skin, hair, nails, mouth, and anus

  develops into muscoskeleton, circulatory system, gonads, and adrenal cortex

  develops into the GI tract, respiratory tract, endocrine glands, bronchi, bladder, and stomach

The CNS and PNS derive from the  

  stem cells have the potential to develop into any cell found in the human body

  stem cells can be any cell except those found in placental structures

  stem cells can develop into multiple specialized cell types

Fetal hemoglobin has a   affinity for O2 than adult hemoglobin

Blood in the umbilical artery is  

Blood in the umbilical vein is  

Fraternal twins are  

Identical twins are  

  is when a cell commits to becoming a certain type of cell

  is when a cell acquires the structures and functions of a specialized cell

  is when a group of cells influence the fate of nearby cells

  is when the cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to a receptor on itself

  signaling is when a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells

  signaling is when a cell signals another cell that is directly adjacent or attached

  signaling releases signals into the bloodstream, which carries them to target cells in distant parts of the body

A/an   is a hole or a small passage which allows fluid to move from one part of the body to another

  is a shunt that allows blood to bypass the fetal lungs

The   is a shunt that allows blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus's non-functioning lungs

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This amino acid is  

This is the   group

This is the   group

This is the   group

Amino acids are simple organic compounds containing both a/an   group and a/an   group

  is the only amino acid that is not chiral

The stereochemistry of the α-carbon in all eukaryotic amino acids (except glycine) is  

All chiral amino acids except cysteine have   configuration

L and D indicate   configuration

S and R indicate   configuration

Amphoteric molecules can act as either a/an   or a/an  

The pH at which half of the species is deprotonated is called the  

A low pH will cause amino acids to be  

  is the pH at which an amino acid is in zwitterion form

A/an   is when all charges cancel out, so the molecule is neutral

The isoelectric point formula when there is no side chain is:

 

The isoelectric point formula when there is a neutral side chain is:

 

The isoelectric point formula when there is a basic side chain is:

 

The isoelectric point formula when there is an acidic side chain is:

 

At the midpoint of a titration, the pH =  

At the equivalence point of a titration, pH =  

The   structure of proteins is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide

The   structure of proteins is the local folding of neighboring amino acids including α-helices and β-pleated sheets

The   structure of proteins is the 3-D shape of a single polypeptide chain

The   structure of proteins is the interaction between peptides in proteins that contain multiple subunits

  are clockwise coils around a central axis and are a common   protein structure

  are rippled strands that can be parallel or antiparallel and are a common   protein structure

  has a rigid cyclic structure and can interrupt 2° protein structure

  is when a protein (or nucleic acid) loses its 4°, 3°, and 2° structures due to breaking non-covalent interactions

The   pushes hydrophobic R groups to the interior of a protein, which   entropy of the surrounding water molecules

  occur when two cysteine molecules are oxidized and create a covalent bond between their thiol groups

  are complex proteins, such as hemoglobin, consisting of amino acids combined with other substances

A/an   is the attached molecule in a conjugated protein and can be a metal ion, vitamin, lipid, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid

Peptide bonds link the   of one amino acid to the   of the next amino acid

  are reusable catalysts that are unchanged by the reactions they catalyze

Exergonic reactions   energy

Endergonic reactions   energy

A/an   catalyzes REDOX reactions that involve the transfer of electrons

A/an   moves a functional group from one molecule to another

A/an   catalyzes cleavage with the addition of H2O

A/an   catalyzes cleavage without the addition of H2O and without the transfer of electrons

A/an   catalyzes the interconversion of isomers

A/an   joins two large biomolecules, often of the same type

A/an   catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats

A/an   adds a phosphate group from ATP to a substrate

A/an   removes a phosphate group

A/an   adds a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate like HPO4 to a substrate

A Michaelis-Menten curve is  

  is the substrate concentration that gives you a reaction rate that is halfway to Vmax

  is the maximum rate at which an enzyme can catalyze a reaction

The Michaelis–Menten equation is:

 

Cooperative enzymes display a   curve

  is when the binding of the first molecule of B to A changes the binding affinity of the second B molecule, making it more or less likely to bind

The   is the site of catalysis

The   states that the enzyme and substrate are exactly complementary and fit together like a key into a lock

The   states that the enzyme and substrate undergo conformational changes in order to interact fully

A/an   is a metal cation that is required by some enzymes

A/an   is an organic molecule that is required by some enzymes

  of an enzyme is when an enzyme is inhibited by high levels of a product from later in the same pathway

A/an   binds at the active site and thus prevents the substrate from binding

A/an   binds only with the enzyme-substrate complex

A/an   binds at the allosteric site, away from the active site

In competitive inhibition:

Vmax:  
Km:  

In uncompetitive inhibition:

Vmax:  
Km:  

In noncompetitive inhibition:

Vmax:  
Km:  

Lineweaver-Burk Plot:

X-intercept =  
Y-intercept =  
Ratio indicated by the slope =  

This graph shows the activity of a/an  

This graph shows the activity of a/an  

This graph shows the activity of a/an  

Lineweaver-Burk plots are described as double reciprocal plots because the X-intercept is   and the Y-intercept is  ; both of them reciprocals

An irreversible inhibitor is any inhibitor that   to the active site of some enzyme, thus eliminating its activity

  is an irreversible form of enzyme inhibition that occurs when an enzyme binds a substrate analog and forms an irreversible complex

A/an   binds at the allosteric site and induces a change in the conformation of the enzyme so the substrate can no longer bind to the active site

A/an   is an allosteric regulator that is also the substrate

A/an   is an allosteric regulator molecule that is different from the substrate

  is the chemical addition of a phosphoryl group (PO3-) to an organic molecule

  is the chemical addition of a carbohydrate

  are precursors to an enzyme

The Michaelis-Menten reaction scheme is:

 

  compose the cytoskeleton, anchoring proteins, and much of the extracellular matrix

  convert chemical energy into mechanical work by the hydrolysis of ATP

A/an   is any protein that acts as an agent to bind two or more molecules together

  allow cells to bind to other cells or surfaces

  are calcium dependent glycoproteins that hold similar cells together

  have two membrane-spanning chains and permit cells to adhere to proteins in the extracellular matrix

  allow cells to adhere to carbohydrates on the surfaces of other cells and are most commonly used in the immune system

  are used by the immune system to target a specific antigen, which may be a protein on the surface of a pathogen or a toxin

  are protein molecules that span across the cell membrane allowing the passage of ions from one side of the membrane to the other

Ungated ion channels are   open

  open within a range of membrane potentials

  open in the presence of a specific binding substance, usually a hormone or neurotransmitter

Enzyme-linked receptors participate in cell signaling through extracellular ligand binding and initiation of  

  detect molecules outside the cell then activate internal signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses

The 1st messenger in the above example of a G-protein coupled receptor is  

  are physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction