Intro to Psychology Exam 1

Everything we do that can be directly observed

Philosophy

Structuralism: focuses on basic elements (structures) of mental processes. Wilhelm Wundt. Asking what the mind is.
Functionalism: focuses on the functions and purposes on mind and behavior. William James. Asking what the mind is for.

The scientific study of the nervous system, emphasizing the brain and nervous system are central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion.

The psychodynamic approach.

Cognitive emphasizes the mental processes involved in knowing and thinking, behavioral emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants.

The humanistic approach emphasizes a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny.

The evolutionary approach is centered on evolutionary ideas for explaining specific human behaviors.

The biological, psychological, and social factors are all significant in producing behavior.

An in-depth look at a single individual or clearly defined group.

A definition that provides an objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study.

Craft a testable prediction/form a hypothesis.

People might answer in a way that makes them look good, difficult to probe the specific topic of interest only, bias, undercoverage.

-1.0 to 1.0. Positive correlation is when line goes up, negative correlation is when line goes down, no correlation is when line goes straight.

Confounding variable.

systematic observation that inolves obtaining meaures of variable of interest in multiple waves over time.

Experimental research.

Actor in experiment.

Group that does not receive the treatment.

Soundness of the conclusions drawn from an experiment, extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.

When participants' expectations, rather than the experimental treatment, produce an experimental outcome.

Neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental control group.

Informed consent, confidentiality, debriefing, deception.

Researchers should inform the participants of the study's purpose and method.

"Glue cells": hold neurons in place, provide nourishment to neurons, insulate neurons, help repair damage, and support neural functioning.

The brain's special capacity for change.

Monitors eating, drinking, and sexual behavior. Also emotion, stress, reward.

Stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron (-70mv).

Controls bodily balance.

Prepares the body for action in stressful situations, often called the fight or flight.

Dendrites on cell body, body attachs to axon, aoxn ends in terminal buttons. Dendrites receive messages, cell body contains the genetic information, the axon carries messages, the terminal buttons sends messages to other neurons.

Protective coating of fat and protein around axon. Insulation, increases speed of electrical impulses. More myelin, faster speed, and myelin is in segments with little gaps between.

The tiny spaces between neurons through which information is transferred.

Afferent neurons.

Efferent neuron.

The pituitary gland.

Somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe.

Auditory cortex in temporal lobe.

Frontal lobe, temporal lobe (?), parietal lobe (?), occipital lobe. Temporal lobe is more below the parietal.

The brain and the spinal cord.

Network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. Peripheral nervous system and somatic nervous system.

Corpus collosum.

Involuntary movement of the heart, glands, lungs, other organs. Contraction/diliation of pupils, constrictionelaxation of bronchi, movement of heartbeat, stimulation/inhibition of intestines, dialation/contraction of blodo vessels.

Acts to calm the body after an emergency has ended.

The nucleus.

Once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity, it fires and moves down the axon without losing that intensity.

Oxytocin is both a hormone and a transmitter. Important to love and social bonding. Released with orgasm, birth, and lactation. May have a role in responding to stress.

Agonist mimics/increases a drug's effects. Antagonist blocks a neurotrasmitter's effects.

Serotonin.

Receiving stimullus energies from the external environment and trasnforming those energies into neural energy.

Thalamus.

Top down: Launched by cognitive processing at the brain's higher levels, allows the organimsm to sense what is happening and apply that framework to information from the world.
Bottom up:Sensory receptors register information about the external environment and send the information up to the brain for processing.

A type of sense organeceptor that senses pressure, vibration, and movement, which are perceived as touch, hearing, and equilibrium (balance).

Experience in which one sense induces an experience in another sense.

The minumum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect.

The degree of difference that must exsist between two stimuli before the difference is detected.

The pupil is the opening part in the center of the eye.

The multilayered surface that record electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain.

Both bring the image into focus?

The ganglion cells.

Viewing a particular color and then experiencing an after image of another color cannot be explained by it.

Cells in the visal system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors.

The recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing.

"Tricks" that use cues that work well in real-life vision to create perceptions that do not reflect reality.

Where most of the visual information crosses over ot the other side of the brain.

The loudness.

Movement of the hair cells due to vibration cause a trigger for the action potential in the auditory nerve.

The cochlea.

The perception of a sound's frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires.

A cluster of nerve cells can fire neural impulses in rapid succession, producing a volley of impulses.

Eardrum is where vibrations are generated from the sound waves that enter the ear.

Powerful depth cues avaliable from the image in one eye, either the right of the left.

The recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing.

Sweet, bitter, salty, sour, umami.

Touch, temperature, and pain.

Kinesthetic provide information about movement, posture, and orientation. Vestibular senses provide information about balance and movement.

The process by which we think about thinking.

Awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal.

Arousal - quantitative level of conciousness.
Awarenss - qualitative level of conciousness.

Made up of brain stem, medulla, thalamus. Determines arousal.

Theory of mind.

The most alert states of human conciousness, during which individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal.

States of conciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities.

Daily behavioral or physiological cycles that involve the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level. Typically a 24 hour cycle.

Rapid, low-amplitude brain waves. See images when drifting to further stages. Myoclonic jerks.

90 minutes.

N3, stage three sleep.

The inability to sleep.

Nightmare: dreams that often awaken dreamer from REM. Invariably involves danger.
Night terror: sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear. Involves physiological reactions, rapid heart rate, heavy perisperation, movement. Occur during non-REM sleep.

Condition in which the individual stop sleeping. May be a contributing factor in SIDS.

Manifest: the surface content of a drea, containing dream symbols that disguise the dream's true meaning.
Latent: dream's hidden content; its unconcious and true meaning.

Dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals from activity in the lower part of the brain.

We can understand dreaming by applying the same cognitive concepts used in studying the waking mind.

The need to take increasing amouts of a drug to get the same effect.

Opiates and opiods.

Alcohol.

Hallucinogen (kind of).

Stimulants.

Narcotic.

Physical: involves change in normal bodily functions and difficulty functioning without use.
Psychological dependence: emotional need for the drug.

Hypnosis involves a splitting of conciousness into two separate components, one following the hypnotist's commands and the other acting as a "hidden observer."

Helps with depression, somunebulism, psoriasis, and anxiety.

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