BIOL 111 Exam 1 - TAMU

The study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment

The systematic study of the structure and behavior of the natural and physical world

Biology

Science done to simply gain knowledge, regardless of application (science for the sake of science)

Taking basic science and applying it to real world problems

Inductive and deductive reasoning

Making observations and drawing up/creating generalizations (generalizations based on a specific observation)

Specific to general (Make specific observations, recognize patterns, derive general conclusion)

Use of existing ideas to predict specific, testable results (begin with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution that can be tested)

General to specific (Idea based on existing theory, develop hypothesis, collect data to test hypothesis, analyze data, supporteject hypothesis)

A method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observations

Make an observation, ask a question, create a hypothesis, make a prediction, do the experiement, analyze results, supporteject hypothesis

A suggested explanation which can be tested

Testable and falsifiable

No - either supported or rejected

A statement that claims there will be no difference, no effect, or no relationship between the variables

What is being measured based on how the independent variable is changed

What is being changed within the experiment

Any part of the experiment that does not change

A hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and not yet falsified that is supported by a large body of evidence and is constantly being challenged

Describe how elements of nature will behave under certain conditions and are often expressed in mathematical forms (more in chemistry and physics)

Cell theory, gene theory, theory of heredity, and theory of evolution

All living things are composed of cells, cells are the most basic unit of life, all new cells arise from existing cells

Genes are the basic units of inheritance and are comprised of DNA (provides the foundation for the field of genetics)

Genes, located on the chromosomes, are passed down from parent to offspring

Change over time or the process which the characteristics of a species change and new species arise (all species have evolved from a different species)

Cells (unicellular or multicellular)

Order, sensitivity or response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, energy processing, and evolution

Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organlles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, community, ecosystems, and biosphere

The collection of all ecosystems on earth (including land, water, and portions of the atmosphere)

The set of populations inhabiting a particular area

All of the individual species living within a specific area

All the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, or non-living, part of the environment

Branch of biology that names and classifies species and formalizes the hierarchal ordering of organisms into broader and broader groups

Summarizes the evolutionary relationships of various life forms based on similarities and differences in genetic traits, physical traits, or both

All life shares genetic material (RNA + DNA), nearly universal genetic code, same basic process of gene expression, same molecular building blocks, and precense of ribosomes

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Elements

Every element consists of a specific atom and has unique chemical and physical properties that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions

The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

As you go down the periodic table the elements get bigger, as you move to the right, their electronegativity is greater

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

96%

Proton (1 amu), neutron (1 amu), and electron (0 amu)

Distinct nuclear species of the same chemical element (number of protons is constant, differ in number of neutrons)

An unstable isotope that occurs when a neutron turns into a proton (too many protons for given element)

N(t) = N_0(1/2)^(t/t_1/2)

How many electrons there are determines the charge of an element

Electrons in the valence shell, which determine chemical behaviors of an atom

The number of electrons an atom gains, loses, or shares during a chemical reaction

It is how many electrons need to be gained or lost to become stable (Fluorine has a valency of 1, Beryllium has a valency of 2)

The number of valence electrons determines how stable an atom is and how it will interact with other

All atoms are most stable when their outermost shell is full (so should they gain some or lose some?)

Changes in distribution of electrons between atoms, it occurs when two or more atoms bond together or break apart

They may be reversable or irreversable

Attractive force that links atoms together to form molecules

Ionic and covalent

A substance consisting of two or more different elements (have to be different) (all compounds are molecules)

A substance that consists of tow or more atoms (may or may not be the same) (not all molecules are compounds)

The more electronegative an atom is, the more strongly they will pull its shared electrons towards itself

Electrons not shared equally - strong

Electrons shared equally - strong

They help reinforce the shapes of large molecules and help molecules reversibly adhere to each other and allow for dynamic and easily reversable interactions

Hydrogen and Van der waals

Cohesion/adhesion, expansion upon freezing, stabilization of temperature, and versatility as a solvent

Attraction of water molecules to each other

Attraction of water molecules to other molecules

A complex, dynamic network where each molecule is linked to several neighboring molecules through hydrogen bonds

Individual, independent water molecules (H2O) with minimal interaction between them

A crystalline lattice structure with a repeating pattern where each water molecule is surrounded by four neighboring molecules, creating a tetrahedral arrangement, held together by hydrogen bonds

As the temperature increases, the water molecules gain energy and move faster

It is the universal solvent

The amount of solute in a defined volume

The amount of something (6.022x10^-23)

Water dissociates into ions (H+ and OH-), which is a reversable dynamic, and the changes in the concentration of these ions result in the formation of acids and bases

The potential of hydrogen/measure of acidity or alkalinity of a substance (pH = -log[H+])

0(most acidic) - 14(most basic)

It is inversely proportional - a change in one pH unit represents a change in H+ by a factor of 10

Most cells in the body range from 7.2-7.6 (stomach is 1.0-3.5 and urine is 4.5-8.01)

A high concentration of H+ ions and a low pH

A low concentration of H+ ions and a high pH

Inverse - as one goes up, the other goes down

Absorbs the excess H+ or OH- and stabilizes the pH

They maintain a stable pH level within living organisms, ensuring proper functioning of enzymes, proteins, and other biomolecules and allow for homeostasis

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

Life is carbon-based and it is a fundamental component of organical molecules

Carbon

Carbon is tetravalent and always forms 4 bonds, its ability to form multiple bonds accounts for diversity of molecular forms

The simplest organic molecule consisting of hydrogen and carbon

They are covalent, storing a lot of energy, and are often form the backbone for large molecules of living things

They may exist as linear carbon chains, carbon wrings, or a combination of both

Single, double, or triple (each holds their respective amount of electrons)

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Polar bonds that replace hydrogens in hydrocarbons and are often found along the hydrocarbon backbone (there are four types and each macromolecule has its own)

Hydoxyl and carbonyl

Carboxyl

Carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, and carbonyl

Methyl and phosphate

Help them fold and maintain appropriate shape for function

A central carbon atom attached to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (also called an R group)

Molecules with the same molecular formulas, but different arrangements of atoms

They have the same molecular formula, but just different arrangements

They have the same molecular formula and same arrangement of atoms, but differ in spatial arrangement around double bonds (must have at least one double bond)

They share the same chemical structure and bonds, but differ in 3D images (non-superimposable, mirror images of each other)(must have a chiral carbon)

Monomer is a molecule that can bond covalently to another molecule creating a polymer (multiple monomers)

All organisms share the same limited set of monomer types (40-50 different monomers)

The formation of a polymer by bonding two monomers together (the H+ of one monmer combines with the OH- of another, creating a water molecule and polymer) RELEASES WATER

The breakdown of polymers into monomers (water molecule inserts itself and splits the H+ and OH- bond) REQUIRES WATER

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

2

1

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Glucose, trioses, pentoses, and hexoses (usually 3 to 7 carbons)

# of carbons and position of the carbonyl group

An OH- attaches to the carbonyl group

The OH- will be going downward

The OH- will be going upward

Start with the carbonyl carbon and go downward

Identify the carbon bonded to more than one oxygen and begin numbering clockwise

A carbon with the double bond to oxygen

Two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond called a glycosidic bond

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin

Glucose + fructose

Glucose + galactose

Glucose + Glucose

Carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain

Carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain

A polymer consisting of entirely glucose monomers (major storage form of glucose in plants)

A polymer consisting of entirely glucose monomers (major storage form of glucose in animals)

Consists of glucose monomers (major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells)

Composed uniquely of modified polysaccharide that contains nitrogen (found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and in fungal cell walls)

Structural, regulatory, transport, storage, enzymes, and hormones

20 amino acids (9 of them are essential)

Proteins

When a protein is unfolded/losses its shape

The R group is the only part of an amino acid that differs and determines what it is

A string of amino acids joined together

A protein is made up of a series of polypeptide chains

Their R groups are made up solely of hydrogens and carbons (CH)

Their R groups all have oxygen in them

They are positively charged (will have a positive sign)

They are negatively charged (will have a negative sign)

Amino acid sequence

First fold (alpha-helices and beta-sheets)

2 or more completely folded polypeptides

A complete folded polypeptide based on interactions between R groups

Physical and chemical conditions of the protein's environment (pH and temperature)

Long term energy storage, insulation, building blocks for some hormones, and important component of cell membranes

Non-polar and hydrophobic

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Attached glycerol via ester linkage

Saturated and unsaturated

Triglycerides with straight carbon chains and no double bonds between carbons (tightly packed, typically from dairy, causes LDL)

Triglycerides with kinked carbon chains due to double bonds (at least one) between carbons (typically from plants and fish, increase HDL)

Double bonds cause a bend or kink (unsaturated fatty acids)

High density lipoprotein which transports cholesterol to the liver for removal

Low density lipoprotein which is caused by tightly packed structures and causes plaque buildup in arteries

Hydrocarbons are on the same side of the chain causing a large kink in fatty acids (good)

Hydrocarbons are on different sides of the chain causing a small kink in fatty acids which can lead to LDL (bad)

Has both hydrophilic (head) and hydrophic (tail) parts