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evolutionary biology outlearn fixed

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1
What is biology?
  • The scientific study of life
  • The study of inherited traits only
  • The study of ecosystems only
  • The study of living and nonliving matter equally
2
In what year did Darwin publish On the Origin of Species?
  • 1809
  • 1859
  • 1835
  • 1900
3
When was Charles Darwin born?
  • February 12, 1859
  • November 24, 1809
  • February 12, 1809
  • February 12, 1819
4
Who was born on the same day as Darwin?
  • Alfred Russel Wallace
  • Isaac Newton
  • Thomas Huxley
  • Abraham Lincoln
5
Who independently developed natural selection?
  • Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace
  • Darwin and Gregor Mendel
  • Darwin and Thomas Huxley
  • Wallace and Louis Pasteur
6
What is a proximate explanation?
  • Why natural selection favored a trait
  • How a trait or behavior works
  • How a species originated millions of years ago
  • Why a trait increases fitness
7
What is an ultimate explanation?
  • What immediate hormone causes a behavior
  • Which muscles produce a movement
  • Why a trait evolved
  • How a cell responds to a signal
8
What is Occam's razor?
  • Prefer the explanation with most assumptions
  • Prefer the oldest explanation
  • Prefer the most detailed explanation regardless of evidence
  • Prefer the simplest explanation consistent with evidence
9
What does extant mean?
  • Still living today
  • Recently extinct
  • Preserved as a fossil
  • Evolutionarily unchanged
10
What is generation time?
  • Length of an organism’s entire life
  • Average time between generations
  • Time needed for one mutation
  • Age of the oldest fossil
11
Why can bacteria evolve rapidly?
  • They never mutate
  • They reproduce only sexually
  • Short generation times
  • They are unaffected by selection
12
What is the central idea of Your Inner Fish?
  • Modern humans descended from modern salmon
  • All fish became land animals
  • Human limbs evolved independently of fish fins
  • Humans share ancestry with ancient fish
13
Who wrote Your Inner Fish?
  • Neil Shubin
  • Richard Dawkins
  • Charles Darwin
  • Stephen Jay Gould
14
What is Tiktaalik?
  • The first modern amphibian
  • A fossil fish with tetrapod-like features
  • An early mammal
  • A living cartilaginous fish
15
Why is Tiktaalik important?
  • It proves mammals evolved before fish
  • It was the first vertebrate with feathers
  • It shows features of the fish-to-tetrapod transition
  • It is the oldest known organism
16
Where was Tiktaalik discovered?
  • Antarctica
  • Eastern Africa
  • Southern Australia
  • Arctic Canada
17
Which rock type often preserves fossils?
  • Sedimentary
  • Igneous
  • Metamorphic
  • Volcanic glass
18
Where are older fossils generally found in undisturbed strata?
  • Upper layers
  • Lower layers
  • Only at the surface
  • Equally in all layers
19
What is a tetrapod?
  • Any animal with four legs
  • Any fish with paired fins
  • A vertebrate with four-limbed ancestry
  • A mammal with four limbs only
20
Approximately when was the fish-to-tetrapod transition?
  • 500 million years ago
  • 250 million years ago
  • 65 million years ago
  • 375 million years ago
21
What is the key limb-evolution point in Your Inner Fish Chapter 2?
  • Fish fins and tetrapod limbs share underlying structures
  • Fish fins and human arms have no shared ancestry
  • All limb bones arose independently
  • Human digits appeared before fish fins
22
What does ZPA stand for?
  • Zone of Protein Activation
  • Zone of Polarizing Activity
  • Zygotic Patterning Area
  • Zoological Polar Axis
23
What does the ZPA influence?
  • The color of adult skin
  • The timing of tooth eruption
  • The pattern of digits in a developing limb
  • The number of vertebrae in all animals
24
What is Sonic hedgehog?
  • A bone found in Tiktaalik
  • A type of sedimentary rock
  • A protein found only in mammals
  • A developmental signaling gene
25
How can vitamin A relate to limb development?
  • Retinoic acid can influence developmental signaling
  • Vitamin A directly becomes limb bone
  • It stops all gene expression
  • It determines adult body temperature
26
What are skates?
  • Early four-limbed mammals
  • Cartilaginous fish related to sharks
  • Bony fish that live only in rivers
  • Extinct amphibians
27
Approximately when did life begin on Earth?
  • 500 million years ago
  • 1 billion years ago
  • 3.8–4 billion years ago
  • 10,000 years ago
28
Approximately when did multicellular life become established?
  • 10,000 years ago
  • 65 million years ago
  • 4 million years ago
  • 1 billion years ago
29
Approximately when was the Cambrian explosion?
  • 500 million years ago
  • 375 million years ago
  • 1 billion years ago
  • 60 million years ago
30
Approximately when did early reptiles appear?
  • 500 million years ago
  • 300 million years ago
  • 60 million years ago
  • 10 million years ago
31
Approximately when did early mammals appear?
  • 375 million years ago
  • 500 million years ago
  • 200–250 million years ago
  • 10,000 years ago
32
Approximately when was the dinosaur-ending asteroid impact?
  • 375 million years ago
  • 200 million years ago
  • 10,000 years ago
  • 60–66 million years ago
33
Approximately when did agriculture expand?
  • 10,000 years ago
  • 100,000 years ago
  • 1 million years ago
  • 60 million years ago
34
What is natural selection?
  • Individuals evolve traits because they need them
  • Heritable traits associated with reproductive success increase in frequency
  • Every mutation improves survival
  • All individuals reproduce equally
35
Which set gives the four conditions for natural selection?
  • Mutation, migration, extinction, and competition
  • Survival, intelligence, strength, and size
  • Variation in reproduction and traits, trait-fitness association, heritability
  • Predation, disease, climate, and age
36
What does evolutionary fitness mean?
  • Physical strength alone
  • Maximum lifespan
  • Ability to avoid every predator
  • Reproductive success
37
What is heritability?
  • The extent genetic differences contribute to trait variation
  • The proportion of organisms that survive
  • The number of offspring in one family
  • A trait being learned from parents
38
What is a mutation?
  • Any change in behavior
  • A change in genetic material
  • A trait acquired through practice
  • A response to a new predator
39
How can bacteria gain antibiotic resistance?
  • Exercise and acquired immunity
  • Learning from other bacteria
  • Mutation and horizontal gene transfer
  • Only by sexual reproduction
40
What is horizontal gene transfer?
  • Passing genes only from parent to child
  • An increase in chromosome number during growth
  • The movement of cells through soil
  • Gene movement between organisms outside parent-offspring inheritance
41
What is evolutionary altruism?
  • Helping another at a fitness cost to oneself
  • Helping only when both gain immediately
  • Any act that improves personal survival
  • Competing with genetic relatives
42
What is kin selection?
  • Selection that always favors unrelated individuals
  • Selection favoring help to genetic relatives through inclusive fitness
  • Selection acting only on siblings
  • Selection caused by teaching
43
What is Hamilton's rule?
  • C > rB
  • r + B = C
  • rB > C
  • B = C regardless of relatedness
44
In Hamilton's rule, what is r?
  • Rate of mutation
  • Reproductive age
  • Risk of predation
  • Genetic relatedness
45
In Hamilton's rule, what is B?
  • Fitness benefit to the recipient
  • Fitness cost to the helper
  • Genetic relatedness
  • Number of generations
46
In Hamilton's rule, what is C?
  • Fitness benefit to the recipient
  • Fitness cost to the helper
  • Chance of mutation
  • Number of relatives
47
What is typical parent-child relatedness?
  • 25%
  • 12.5%
  • 50%
  • 100%
48
What is typical full-sibling relatedness?
  • 25%
  • 12.5%
  • 75%
  • 50%
49
What is typical half-sibling relatedness?
  • 25%
  • 50%
  • 12.5%
  • 75%
50
What is typical first-cousin relatedness?
  • 25%
  • 12.5%
  • 50%
  • 6.25%
51
What is reciprocal altruism?
  • Helping only genetic relatives
  • Helping with no possible future interaction
  • Helping with the possibility of future help in return
  • Helping because offspring inherit the behavior directly
52
Which animal illustrates reciprocal altruism in lecture?
  • Sponges
  • Jellyfish
  • Skates
  • Vampire bats
53
What is cultural transmission?
  • Passing learned information between individuals
  • Passing only DNA to offspring
  • Mutation spreading through a population
  • Evolution of a new species
54
Why can cultural transmission change behavior quickly?
  • It prevents natural selection
  • It does not require genetic change across generations
  • It requires a new mutation first
  • It occurs only in humans
55
What is imitation?
  • Learning only by trial and error
  • Inheriting a learned behavior genetically
  • Learning by copying behavior
  • Learning without observing anything
56
What is social learning?
  • Learning exclusively from genes
  • Learning only through direct teaching
  • Learning only through mutation
  • Learning from observing others
57
What is teaching?
  • Actively helping another individual learn
  • Any behavior that happens near another
  • Only passing genes to offspring
  • Learning without social interaction
58
What does LUCA mean?
  • Last Unique Cellular Animal
  • Last Universal Common Ancestor
  • Largest Universal Clade of Animals
  • Living Universal Common Adaptation
59
What is Morganucodon?
  • A transitional fish fossil
  • The earliest flowering plant
  • An early mammal relative
  • A living reptile
60
What is colostrum?
  • Milk produced only after weaning
  • A hormone that causes labor
  • A mammal tooth structure
  • Early milk rich in immune-supporting components
61
What are oligosaccharides?
  • Short chains of sugar units
  • Proteins made of amino acids
  • Long chains of DNA
  • Minerals in bone
62
Which traits characterize mammals?
  • Feathers and beaks
  • Hair and milk production
  • Scales and gills in adulthood
  • Exoskeleton and jointed legs
63
Do all mammals have a placenta?
  • Yes, all mammals have an identical placenta
  • No mammals develop placentas
  • No, mammal reproductive strategies differ
  • Only reptiles develop placentas
64
What does metazoan mean?
  • Fungus
  • Plant
  • Single-celled bacterium
  • Animal
65
Which description fits animals?
  • Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes without cell walls
  • Photosynthetic prokaryotes with cell walls
  • Unicellular fungi with chloroplasts
  • Multicellular autotrophs with cellulose walls
66
Which major group is evolutionarily close to animals?
  • Plants
  • Fungi
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
67
What are choanoflagellates?
  • The earliest land mammals
  • Extinct marine reptiles
  • Close living relatives of animals
  • A type of flowering plant
68
Why are sponges useful for studying evolution?
  • They are the first known mammals
  • They have the most complex brains
  • They evolved from modern jellyfish
  • They offer clues about early animal evolution
69
What nervous system do jellyfish have?
  • A nerve net
  • A mammalian cerebral cortex
  • A vertebrate spinal cord
  • No nerve cells of any kind
70
What is bilateral symmetry?
  • A body plan with five identical sections
  • A body plan with left and right mirror sides
  • A body plan with no organized axes
  • A body plan with identical top and bottom surfaces
71
What is phylogeny?
  • The study of one organism’s physiology
  • The process of individual growth
  • Evolutionary relationships among organisms
  • A measurement of fitness
72
What is evolutionary mismatch?
  • A mutation that always causes extinction
  • Two species having identical traits
  • Any variation within a population
  • An evolved trait fits poorly with a changed environment
73
What is mismatch in time?
  • Environments change faster than adaptation can keep up
  • A species moves to a new location
  • Organisms reproduce at the same time
  • All traits remain equally useful
74
What is mismatch in space?
  • Climate changes at the same location over time
  • A species encounters a different environment after moving
  • A species stops reproducing
  • A population loses all genetic variation
75
What does evolution as a tinkerer mean?
  • Evolution designs organisms from scratch
  • Evolution always produces perfect traits
  • Evolution modifies existing structures
  • Evolution works toward a fixed goal
76
Who described evolution as a tinkerer, not an engineer?
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Isaac Newton
  • Theodosius Dobzhansky
  • François Jacob
77
Who said chance favors the prepared mind?
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Charles Darwin
  • Peter Medawar
  • John Maynard Smith
78
Who used the phrase standing on the shoulders of giants?
  • François Jacob
  • Isaac Newton
  • Alfred Russel Wallace
  • Neil Shubin
79
Who said nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution?
  • Charles Darwin
  • John Maynard Smith
  • Theodosius Dobzhansky
  • Peter Medawar
80
Who is associated with the quote that everyone thinks they understand evolution?
  • Isaac Newton
  • Louis Pasteur
  • Neil Shubin
  • John Maynard Smith
81
Who said that for a biologist, not thinking evolutionarily is not thinking?
  • Peter Medawar
  • Charles Darwin
  • François Jacob
  • Louis Pasteur
82
Who is associated with the quote about humans destroying species quickly?
  • John Maynard Smith
  • Victor Blanchard Scheffer
  • Isaac Newton
  • Alfred Russel Wallace
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