General anatomy/biology

the skull bones, ribcage, vertebral column and sacrum

articular/joint capsule - outer layer of fibrous tissue and inner layer of synovial membrane
articular (hyaline) cartilage covering the ends of articulating bones
synovial fluid filling the joint capsule

-a type of fibrous joint
-connected by ligaments or membrane
-allows for limited movement
-eg prox/dist tibiofibular syndesmosis

-small bones embedded within tendons or muscle
-they lift tendons away from joints, increasing mechanical advantage and reducing friction at the bend point
-eg patella

a synovial joint made up of multiple distinct articulations between three or more bones in a single joint capsule
-eg elbow, knee

-a point where two bones articulate but lacks any articular cartilage, a joint capsule, or ligaments
-usually only muscle between joints
-eg. scapulothoracic joint

-structural framework of the body
-bones act as levers for force to be applied to for movement
-bones protect vital organs eg. ribcage and hip
-blood cell production (haematopoiesis)

upper limbs, lower limbs, girdles (shoulder and pelvis)

Diaphysis = long central shaft
Epiphysis = wider, rounded end sections

compact = dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer
spongy = lighter porous bone found mainly within the epiphyses, contains red bone marrow

hollow space in the diaphysis that contains bone marrow

periosteum = membrane covering outside of bones, contains blood vessels and nerves to support growth and repair
endosteum = thin membrane that lines internal surfaces of bone such as medullary cavity and spaces in spongy bone. Contains osteoblasts

precursor stem cell of an osteoblast

A bone forming cell that produces new bone matrix

mature bone cell that maintains bone tissue and detects mechanical loading (osteoblasts differentiate into these)

large bone cell that reabsorbs old or damaged bone tissue to allow osteoblasts to replace it with new matrix

a strong band of connective tissue that connects bone to bone
they add to the stability of joints, guide movement, and limit excessive movement

-skeletal
-smooth
-cardiac

concentric - muscle contraction produces a stronger force than is opposing it, shortening the muscle and creating movement at the joint
eccentric - muscle contraction produces a weaker force than is opposing it, lengthening the muscle and controlling the speed of movement at the joint
isometric - muscle contracts but does not lengthen or shorten, causing no movement at the joint but holding it in position