Structures Internal to the Cell Wall

complex, semirigid structure of the cell

prevents cell rupture due to osmosis

retain the shape of the cell

anchorage the flagella

basis for classifying major types of bacteria

site of action of some antibiotics

two types of bacteria

color of gram positive staining

color of gram negative staining

a gram positive bacteria

a gram negative bacteria

repeating disaccharide attached by polypeptides to form lattice that surrounds ad protects the entire cell

2 main sugars that make up peptidoglyacans. These are also alternating peptidoglycans

structure of peptidoglycan in gram positive bacteria

contains 2 or 3 amino acid

contains more than 3 amino acids

composition of gram positive cell wall

has direct contact peptide

has many layers of peptidoglycans; thick and rigid

retains the crystal violet dye used in gram staining

unique polysaccharides that has antigenic specifity identification

these are teichoic acids bound to the plasma membrane

longer than teichoic acid

contains one or few layers of peptidoglycans but outside layer is a bilayer membrane composed of phospholipids, channel proteins, and lipopolysaccharide; does not have teichoic acid

accepts the counterstain, safranin ( pink/ red dye) during gram staining

thinner than gram positive cell wall but more complex

a large complex molecule that contains lipids and carbohydrates

three components of LPS

lipid portion of LPS

attached to lipid and contains sugar

role is provide stability

extends outward from the core polysaccharide; composed of sugars

function as an antigen and is useful for distinguishing species of gram negative bacteria

space between the plasma membrane and outer membrane

contains degradative enzymes and transport proteins

specific to gram negative bacteria, released when gram negative cell wall disintegrates

may trigger fever, vasodilation, inflammation, shock, and blood clotting

TRUE OR FALSE: gram negative cell wall can also be an impediment in antbacterial effect

TRUE OR FALSE: the outer membrane of of a gram negative cell wall will not prevent entry of cell wall synthesis inhibitors to the underlying peptidoglycans

destroys cell wall of microbes

TRUE OR FALSE: some instances penicillin are ineffective to gram negative bacteria

have atypical cell wall

bacteria that has no cell wall and contains sterols instead of peptidoglycans

smallest known bacteria that can grow and reproduce outside living cells and can pass through bacterial filters

contain polysaccharide and proteins instead of peptidoglycans

contains pseudomurein

contains n-acetylalosaminuronic acid instead of NAM

thin layer surrounding the cell's cytoplasm

has selective permeability that regulates the flow of subsances in and out of the cells

contains phospholipids and is a site of action of certain antimicrobial agents

antimicrobial agents

gel-like substance mainly composed of water (80%)

part of the bacteria where its components are suspended

it contains enzymes, salts, and various organic molecules

contains single, long, continuous circularly arranged thread of double stranded DNA (bacterial chromosomes)

do not contains nuclear membrane and histones

TRUE OR FALSE: certain antibiotics act on nucleoid by inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis

an antibiotic tha inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

may act as resistant to certain antibiotic

circular, double stranded dna which is not connected to the main bacterial chromosome

a structure of the cell wall not crucial for survival

responsible for protein synthesis

site of action of numerous antimicrobial agents (tetracycline, aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicol)

cell structure for repair; 70s ribosomes

subunit that must be together for protein synthesis

carries each amino acid that will create protein

collectively known as volutin

are large inclusion and inorganic phosphate reserve (for ATP synthesis)

inclusion bodies that consist of glycogen and starch

inclusion bodies thaat serves as lipid storage

oxidizes sulfur and sulfur-containing compounds to energy

contains the enzyme, 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase

for bacteria that only utilizes CO2 for their carbon source

aquatic prokaryotes; gas vesicles

maintains buoyancy

inclusion of iron dioxide

from aquaspirillum magnetotacticum

has resitance and onl bacillus/ clostridum genus has this

highly durable, dehydrated cells with thick walls and additional layers

can survive heat and lack of water, exposure to many toxic chemicals and radiation

do not carry metabolic formation

process of endospore formation

process by which endospores go back to its vgetative state

bacteria that are round or oval

2 cocci attached

cocci in long chains

4 cocci attached

8 cocci attached/ 2 tetrad attached

cocci in clusters/ grape-like

what is the morphology of neisseria genus

what is the morphology of streptocochus genus

bacterias that are elongated, stick-like with rounded, squared, or swollen ends

2 baccili attached

bacilli in long chains

shaped simiar to cocci and bacilli (oval shaped)

bacteria that have one or more twists, they are never straight

small slightly curved rods; coma shaped

most of them are motile with a single flagellum at one end (monotrichous)

snake like; helical, rigid and has flagella

"cork screw" that is flexible and coiled. uses axial filament as their organ of locomotion

example of spirochete bacteria

star shaped bacteria

rectangular shaped bacteria

lacks distinct shape

example of pleomorphis

retain crystal violet dye and stain blue or purple

decolorized to accept counterstain (sarfarin) and stain pink or red

TRUE OR FALSE: the peptidoglycan layer of gram positive cell wall is thick and multilayered

TRUE OR FALSE: the peptidoglycan layer of gram negative cell wall is thick and multilayered

TRUE OR FALSE: teichoic acid is present in both gram positive and gram negative

TRUE OR FALSE: periplasmic space and outer membrane are absent in gram positive

TRUE OR FALSE: periplasmic space and outer membrane are present in gram negative

TRUE OR FALSE: lipid and lipoprotein content of gram negative is high

TRUE OR FALSE: lipid and lipoprotein content of gram positive is high

TRUE OR FALSE: there are 2 ringed flagellar structure in gram positive

TRUE OR FALSE: there are 4 ringed flagellar structure in gram negative

toxins produced by gram positive cell wall

toxins poduced by gram negative cell wallls

TRUE OR FALSE: gram positive cell wall has low resistance to physical disruption

TRUE OR FALSE: gram negative cell wall has low resistance to physical disruption

TRUE OR FALSE: cell wall disruption by lysozyme in gram positive is high

TRUE OR FALSE: cell wall disruption by lysozyme in gram negative is high

TRUE OR FALSE: suscpetibility to penicllin and sulfonamide of gram positive cell wall is high

TRUE OR FALSE: suscpetibility to penicllin and sulfonamide of gram negative cell wall is low

TRUE OR FALSE: susceptibility of gram positive to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline is high

TRUE OR FALSE: susceptibility of gram negative to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline is high

TRUE OR FALSE: both gram positive and gram negative has high inhibition to basic dyes

TRUE OR FALSE: gram positive has high suscpetibility to anionic detergents

TRUE OR FALSE: gram negative has low suscpetibility to anionic detergents

TRUE OR FALSE: gram positive has high resistance to drying

TRUE OR FALSE: gram negative has high resistance to drying