biology year 9

A part of the cell which controls what enters and exits the cell.

A part of the cell where chemical reactions take place.

A part of the cell which controls it. It contains DNA/Genes.

Found outside of the cell membrane of some cells and supports the cell. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose

A part of the cell where aerobic respiration takes place. Energy is released here.

A part of all cells where protein is made.

A part of a plant cell which contains chlorophyll

Store of cell sap in plant cells.

how many times it is larger than its real size. You need to know how to calculate this.

Part of a cell.

The functional building blocks of all living things.

A group of specialised cells that have a similar structure and function working together. E.g heart/cardiac muscle.

Contains different tissues

Many organs working together. The different organ systems work together in an organism. E.g circulatory system

A cell that has the potential to become any cell. It is not specialized. An embryo is a ball of stem cells.

A cell which has features which make it well adapted for its job. Eg a sperm cell has a tail.

Single celled organism which don't have a nucleus.

Can be single or multicellular organisms. They are similar to plant cells but don't have chloroplasts and their cell wall is made of chitin.

Can be single or multicellular organisms. They are similar to animal cells but can have chloroplasts. Algae are protists.

A large storage carbohydrate found in plants.

A large storage carbohydrate found in animals

Use to test for starch

Simple sugar/carbohydrate used in respiration to release energy.

Test for glucose

Contains CHO

Test for proteins

Made up of the elements C

Test for lipids

Deoxyribonucleic acid found in the nucleus of most cells.

the shape of a DNA molecule.

DNA is made up of many of these. Each nucleotide contains a sugar

a small section of DNA which codes for a protein/characteristic.

Structures made of DNA found in the nucleus. Human body cells contain 23 pairs (46) in total

all of the genes in an organism.

Are biological catalysts which speed up reactions. They can be used to break apart molecules or build them up. Enzymes are made of protein.

The part of the enzyme that has a specific shape. The substrate binds here.

The molecule/molecules that are being catalysed by the enzyme.

This is the molecule/molecules that are released at the end of the reaction.

Enzymes are specific to a certain substrate. The active site is 'complementary' to the shape of the substrate.

When the active site of an enzyme changes shape (due to high temp or extreme pH). The substrate can no longer fit into the active site to form an enzyme substrate complex. The reaction will either not take place

All enzymes have an optimum temp (in humans 37.7degreesC). If the temp is too low the kinetic energy is low (less movement of particles). This means there will be less random collisions between the substrate and the active site of the enzyme. By increasing the temp

All enzymes have an optimum pH

When molecules move from a high concentration to low concentration. This happens in the alveoli and small intestine where gas exchange and food absorption takes place respectively.

Taken into the lungs. Oxygen diffuses into red blood cells from the alveoli. The oxygenated blood then enters the left side of the heart via the pulmonary vein. Eventually oxygen will diffuse from the red blood cells across a capillary into respiring cells for aerobic respiration.

The process of releasing energy using glucose and oxygen. Carbon dioxide and water are released

The waste gas released during the process of aerobic respiration. It diffuses out of respiring cells

Pumps blood around the body.

This makes up the heart. The cardiac muscle wall is larger on the left side of the heart

The lower larger chambers of the heart. They contract to force blood up through an artery.

The higher smaller chambers of the heart. They contract

Between the atrium and ventricles

Stops blood flowing backwards into the ventricles from the pulmonary artery/aorta.

A blood vessel which carries blood away from the heart. They typically have a small lumen

A blood vessel which carries blood towards the heart. They typically have a large lumen

The smallest blood vessel. The walls are only 1 cell thick which allows substances to be exchanged with nearby cells.

Prevents the backflow of blood and keeps the blood flowing in one direction. One type are found in the heart (there are 4 of them) and the other type is found in veins.

The largest artery in the body. Oxygenated blood leaves the heart through this blood vessel.

The largest vein in the body. Deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart

The only artery containing deoxygenated blood. This artery goes from the right ventricle to the lungs.

The only vein containing oxygenated blood. The vein goes from the lungs to the left atrium.

The artery that supplies the heart cardiac muscle with oxygen for respiration. If this becomes blocked

Hormone released from adrenal glands. This speeds up you heart rate

The average heart rate is 70 beats per minute (bpm).

When you multiply the heart rate by the stroke volume (volume of blood contained within the left ventricle in one contraction). This tells you how much blood is pumped out of the left ventricle per minute.

Biconcave disc shape cells which have a large surface area. They contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen. No nucleus so they have lots of space for haemoglobin and oxygen.

A gas breathed in and carried by red blood cells. It is used for aerobic respiration to release energy.

A red pigment (containing iron) found in red blood cells

One of the four components of blood. They help fight pathogens by engulfing and digesting bacteria/viruses

Released by white blood cells. They neutralise and destroy pathogens.

Released by white blood cells. They neutralise toxins released by pathogens.

A white blood cell which engulfs and pathogen and digests it using enzymes.

One of the four components of blood. They help clot the blood

This helps to prevent entry of microorganisms which could lead to infection and prevent the loss of blood.

Mostly made up of water. Contains dissolved substances such as carbon dioxide

A waste gas released when aerobic respiration takes place. This moves into the plasma and is exchanged at the alveoli. It is then breathed out.

Products of lipid/fat digestion. They are dissolved in the plasma.

Products of starch. Dissolved in the plasma.

Products of protein digestion. They are dissolved in the plasma.

Chemicals released from endocrine glands. They are dissolved in the plasma.

A waste product dissolved in the plasma.

The artery which supplies the heart muscle with oxygen. The heart muscle can undergo aerobic respiration in order to release energy needed for the heart muscle to pump. This can get blocked

Gas required for aerobic respiration. This binds to haemoglobin in the red blood cells.

Produced when anaerobic respiration takes place. This can be painful.

Releasing energy using oxygen and glucose.

Stops the backflow of blood in the heart

A wire mesh which is used to open up/widen blood vessels. This is used for CHD or atherosclerosis patients.

A part of the cell which controls what enters and exits the cell.

A part of the cell where chemical reactions take place.

A part of the cell which controls it. It contains DNA/Genes.

Found outside of the cell membrane of some cells and supports the cell. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose

A part of the cell where aerobic respiration takes place. Energy is released here.

A part of all cells where protein is made.

A part of a plant cell which contains chlorophyll

Store of cell sap in plant cells.

how many times it is larger than its real size. You need to know how to calculate this.

Part of a cell.

The functional building blocks of all living things.

A group of specialised cells that have a similar structure and function working together. E.g heart/cardiac muscle.

Contains different tissues

Many organs working together. The different organ systems work together in an organism. E.g circulatory system

A cell that has the potential to become any cell. It is not specialized. An embryo is a ball of stem cells.

A cell which has features which make it well adapted for its job. Eg a sperm cell has a tail.

Single celled organism which don't have a nucleus.

Can be single or multicellular organisms. They are similar to plant cells but don't have chloroplasts and their cell wall is made of chitin.

Can be single or multicellular organisms. They are similar to animal cells but can have chloroplasts. Algae are protists.

A large storage carbohydrate found in plants.

A large storage carbohydrate found in animals

Use to test for starch

Simple sugar/carbohydrate used in respiration to release energy.

Test for glucose

Contains C

Test for proteins

Made up of the elements C

Test for lipids

Deoxyribonucleic acid found in the nucleus of most cells.

the shape of a DNA molecule.

DNA is made up of many of these. Each nucleotide contains a sugar

a small section of DNA which codes for a protein/characteristic.

Structures made of DNA found in the nucleus. Human body cells contain 23 pairs (46) in total

all of the genes in an organism.

Are biological catalysts which speed up reactions. They can be used to break apart molecules or build them up. Enzymes are made of protein.

The part of the enzyme that has a specific shape. The substrate binds here.

The molecule/molecules that are being catalysed by the enzyme.

This is the molecule/molecules that are released at the end of the reaction.

Enzymes are specific to a certain substrate. The active site is 'complementary' to the shape of the substrate.

When the active site of an enzyme changes shape (due to high temp or extreme pH). The substrate can no longer fit into the active site to form an enzyme substrate complex. The reaction will either not take place

All enzymes have an optimum temp (in humans 37.7degreesC). If the temp is too low the kinetic energy is low (less movement of particles). This means there will be less random collisions between the substrate and the active site of the enzyme. By increasing the temp

All enzymes have an optimum pH

Known as the windpipe. Contains C-shaped cartilage rings to prevent it from collapsing.

When the trachea/windpipe divides in two.

The smallest branches of the windpipe.

Produce mucus to trap bacteria

Contain cilia which waft mucus bacteria and dirt upwards to the back of the throat.

Many air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. They are thin

Net movement of particles from a high concentration to low concentration. This happens in the alveoli when gas exchange takes place.

Taken into the lungs. Oxygen diffuses into the blood from the alveoli. Eventually oxygen will diffuse into respiring cells for respiration.

The process of releasing energy. This uses glucose and oxygen when using aerobic respiration. Carbon dioxide and water are released

Used for muscle contraction

The gas released during the process of respiration. It diffuses out of respiring cells

carry blood at low pressure

The smallest blood vessel. The walls are only 1 cell thick which allows substances to be exchanged with nearby cells.

Gas required for aerobic respiration. This binds to haemoglobin in the red blood cells.

Produced when anaerobic respiration takes place in animals and bacteria. This can be painful. It can be removed by breathing in oxygen after exercise

Releasing energy using oxygen and glucose.

Releasing energy using glucose only

Build up of lactic acid due to a lack of oxygen

A group of specialised cells that have a similar structure and function working together. E.g heart/cardiac muscle.

Contains different tissues

Many organs working together. The different organ systems work together in an organism. E.g circulatory system

Where large molecules are broken down into small soluble ones. These molecules can be absorbed into the blood plasma in the small intestine (villi

Absorbed by osmosis in the large intestine. Used in the blood plasma for transporting substances. Is also essential for regulating temperature.

Assists the movement of food through the intestine and helps prevent bowel cancer.

Small molecules that do not need to be broken down by enzymes. Iron forms the part of haemoglobin which binds to oxygen. Calcium is needed to form healthy bones and teeth.

Small molecules that do not need to be broken down by enzymes. A: Needed for the pigment in eyes and protects the surface. C: For healthy skin teeth and gums. D: To absorb calcium.

Starch can be broken down into glucose using the amylase enzyme. This happens in the mouth and small intestine. Glucose is the fuel for respiration. The process by which energy is released.

Digestion happens in the small intestine. It is first broken down into smaller droplets by bile

Broken down in the stomach using pepsin (protease enzyme). It can also be broken down in the small intestine using trypsin (another protease enzyme). Proteins break down into amino acids. To be used for growth and repair of cells and tissues. Can also be a fuel for respiration. Antibodies

Are biological catalysts which speed up reactions. They can be used to break apart molecules or build them up.

The part of the enzyme that has a specific shape. The substrate binds here.

The molecule/molecules that are being catalysed by the enzyme.

This is the molecule/molecules that are released at the end of the reaction.

Enzymes are specific to a certain substrate. The active site is 'complementary' to the shape of the substrate.

When the active site of an enzyme changes shape (due to high temp or extreme pH). The substrate can no longer fit into the active site to form an enzyme substrate complex. The reaction will either not take place

All enzymes have an optimum temp (in humans 37.7degreesC). If the temp is too low the kinetic energy is low (less movement of particles). This means there will be less random collisions between the substrate and the active site of the enzyme. By increasing the temp

All enzymes have an optimum pH

Enzyme made in the salivary glands and the pancreas. It works in the mouth and small intestine to break down starch into glucose.

Enzyme made in pancreas and stomach lining. It works in the stomach and small intestine to break down protein to amino acids.

Enzyme made in the pancreas. It works in the small intestine to break down small fat droplets into glycerol and fatty acids.

Produces and secretes amylase.

Where protein is broken down by pepsin (protease enzyme which has an optimum pH at pH2). It is acidic due to the presence of hydrochloric acid

Makes all digestive enzymes to be secreted into the small intestine.

Where protein

Make bile.

Stores bile.

Made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Emulsifies/Breaks down large fat droplets into smaller ones

Where water is absorbed into the blood by osmosis and faeces begins to form.

Stores faeces.

Where faeces is egested.

glucose (sugars)