1What is 2D transformation?
Changing graphics on a 2D plane using operations like translation, rotation, scaling, or shearing.
2What is the purpose of homogeneous coordinates?
To simplify composite transformations using 3×3 matrices.
3How is a 2D point represented in homogeneous coordinates?
As (Xh, Yh, h).
4What is the formula for 2D translation?
X’ = X + tx, Y’ = Y + ty.
5What is applied in rotation transformation?
An object is rotated by an angle θ from its origin.
6What is scaling in 2D transformation?
Changing the size of an object by multiplying with scaling factors SX and SY.
7What is the effect of scaling factors less than 1?
The object size is reduced.
8What does reflection transformation produce?
A mirror image of the original object.
9What is shearing?
A transformation that slants the shape of an object.
10What is X-shear?
It changes X coordinates while keeping Y constant.
11What is Y-shear?
It changes Y coordinates while keeping X constant.
12What is a composite transformation?
Combining multiple transformations into one using matrix multiplication.
13What is the viewing transformation pipeline?
A series of transformations mapping world coordinates to device coordinates.
14What is a window in computer graphics?
A selected rectangular area in world coordinates for display.
15What is a viewport?
A display area on a device where the window is mapped.
16What is the purpose of window to viewport transformation?
To map a 2D scene from world coordinates to device coordinates proportionally.
17What is preserved during window to viewport transformation?
The proportional position of points from the window to the viewport.
18What is the general formula for window to viewport transformation?
xv = ((xw - xwmin) / (xwmax - xwmin)) * (xvmax - xvmin) + xvmin and similarly for yv.
19Why must the aspect ratio of window and viewport match?
To avoid distortion in the displayed image.
20What is clipping?
Removing parts of objects outside the viewing area.
21What is point clipping?
Checking if a point lies within a defined rectangular window.
22What is line clipping?
Cutting off portions of a line outside the window.
23What is the Cohen-Sutherland algorithm used for?
Line clipping using region codes and logical operations.
24What is the Cyrus-Beck algorithm based on?
Parametric equations and dot products for line clipping.
25What is polygon clipping?
Clipping a polygon against each edge of a clipping window.
26What is Sutherland-Hodgeman algorithm used for?
Polygon clipping by processing each edge sequentially.
27What are the types of text clipping?
All or none string, all or none character, and partial text clipping.
28What is bitmap graphics?
Images stored as collections of pixels.
29What is a disadvantage of bitmap graphics?
They become blurry when resized.
30What is added in 3D graphics?
A third coordinate, Z.
31What is parallel projection?
Projection where parallel lines remain parallel; used for exact measurements.
32What is orthographic projection?
Projection with direction normal to the projection plane.
33What are types of orthographic projections?
Front, top, and side projections.
34What is oblique projection?
Projection where direction is not normal to the projection plane.
35What is cavalier projection?
Oblique projection with 45° angle and true length preservation.
36What is cabinet projection?
Oblique projection with 63.4° angle and half-length projection.
37What is isometric projection?
Orthographic projection showing multiple sides with equal axis distance.
38What is perspective projection?
Projection where lines converge at a point, giving realism.
39What is 3D translation?
Shifting a 3D object along X, Y, and Z axes.
40What is 3D rotation?
Rotation around one of the three axes in 3D space.
41What is 3D scaling?
Changing size in all three dimensions using scaling factors SX, SY, and SZ.
42What is 3D shear?
Slanting a 3D object along X, Y, or Z axis.
43What are transformation matrices?
Matrices used to perform geometric transformations.