1What are the three requirements for causality?
Temporal order, association, and no alternative explanations
2What is selection bias?
A threat to internal validity when groups in an experiment are not equivalent at the start
3What is random assignment?
Dividing research participants into groups using a random process to ensure group equivalence
4factorial design
the impact of several causes (IV) simultaneously
5What is an interrupted time-series design?
Measures an effect (DV) over time, with treatment introduced partway
6What is a one shot case study design?
experimental group, posttest
7What is the Solomon four-group design?
Involves four groups, some get a pretest and all get a posttest
8What is the classic experimental design?
Includes random assignment, control and experimental groups, pretest and posttest
9What is an equivalent time-series design?
One group, repeated: pretests, treatments, and posttests over time
10What is a static group comparison design?
Two groups, no random assignment, posttest
11What is testing as a threat to internal validity?
When the measurement process itself influences participants' responses
12What is external validity?
The extent to which an experiment's results can be generalized
13What is population generalization?
When participants in a study are generalized to the entire population
14What is naturalistic generalization?
Generalizing controlled experiment results to real-life settings
15What is theoretical generalization?
Extending empirical data from a study to abstract theory
16What are the steps in qualitative data analysis?
Transcription, understanding, quotations, coding, structuring, creating categories, themes
17Problems with coding
Too many, some programs don’t allow links, overlapping codes
18What is open coding?
First coding stage; filter data into initial categories
19What is axial coding?
Second stage; organizing codes and developing links among them
20What is selective coding?
Final stage; identifying key data supporting developed categories
21What is the narrative strategy in qualitative analysis?
Telling a story about events as they unfolded
22What are ideal types in analysis?
Ideal examples used to compare with observed cases
23What is the illustrative method?
Using empirical data to illustrate a preexisting theory
24What is successive approximation?
repeated refinement of ideas into analysis
25What is reactive research?
Research where participants know they are being observed
26What is nonreactive research?
Research where participants do not know they are being observed
27What is content analysis?
Examining patterns of symbolic meaning in texts or media
28What is secondary data analysis?
Using data from a past study for new analysis
29What is existing statistics research?
Using official numerical data to address new questions
30What is field research?
Observing people in their natural settings over time
31What are field experiments?
Experiments conducted in natural, real-world settings
32What are the steps in writing?
Prewriting, composing, rewriting
33What does prewriting involve?
Preparation, ideas, literature notes
34What does composing involve?
First draft, freewriting, bibliography
35What does rewriting involve?
Evaluating and polishing the draft
36What is the structure of research reports about?
Organization of the report
37What is preregistration?
Publicly registering your study design before data collection
38What is publication bias?
Studies with positive results are more likely to be published
39What happens in the review process?
Reviewers assess reports and recommend: reject, major/minor revisions, or accept
40What decisions can editors make after reviews?
Reject, major revisions, minor revisions, or accept
41What must authors do after peer review?
Revise their report or defend their conclusions against reviewer comments