Psych 10 (unit 2)

specialized cells that send electrical and chemical SIGNALS to each other, CANT replicate

provides NUTRIENTS to neuron, and takes care of the neurons and help immune system. they can also replicate and several types of it includes ASTROCYTES, OLIGODENDROCYTES, MICROGLIA, AND SCHWANN

sends signals to and from spinal cord and brain. is divided into SOMATIC and AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Gives us conscious control over muscles and brings sensory info about touch for ex to the spinal cord

divides into sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. is not easily controlled.

fight or flight

rest and digest

they extend and branch from cell body aka soma. they receive info from other neurons and send electrical info to cell body

large part of neuron and has the nucleus and other organelles, its also known as cell body

sends signals AWAY from cell body, after leaving neuron they can branch MANY times.

end of axon that look like BUTTONS, they are part of a synapse and are where neurotransmitters are released.

FATTY layer that surronds axons, are made with glial cells and help insulate axons and increases the SPEED at which a neuron sends a signal

SPACES scattered down an axon that do not have myelin

terminal bouton releases chemicals called NEUROTRANSMITTERS that float across THIS PLACE to affect another neurons dendrites or cell body, its also the space where neurons dont directly touch other neurons in order to communicate with each other.

neuron communication

a neuron at rest when not sending signals, typically -70 mV on inside

ion channel that opens and closes by a chemical such as a neurotransmitter

ion channels that open when VOLTAGE around them reaches a certain level or threshold

caused by voltage gated ion channels reaching their threshold. it travels down axon causing release of neurotransmitters at terminal boutons

specific membrane potential that opens voltage gated ion channels

process of pulling 3 Na+ ions out of neuron for every 2 K+ ions that are pumped in. requires ATP for energy

neurotransmitters that do not fit into recepter are often DESTORYED by enzymes or pulled back into presynaptic neuron through transporters in a process called...

BALLOON like structures within terminal boutons that hold and release neurotransmitters

nervous systems ability to change in response to experiences, unsung heroes in this process and learning are glial cells, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes.

CHEMICAL MESSENGERS that are released at terminal boutons of one neuron and affect receptors on another neuron

chemicals that HELP a neurotransmitter do its job

chemicals that HINDER a neurotransmitters function

MOST COMMON excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS, helps with learning, memory, fast signals and info processing. too much=EXCITOTOXICITY which can cause seizures.

COMMON, INHIBITORY, calming effect, low levels= anxiety

CLASS of neurotransmitters created from SINGLE amino acid, including dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, and histamines.

can be excitatory or inhibitory, functions our reward system, motivation, and addiction. most drugs activate this neurotransmitter which leads to addiction

excitatory neurotransmitter in HIGHER concentration in CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, plays roles in mood, emotion, and arousal.

excitatory neurotransmitter in higher concentration in PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter, regulation of sleep, mood, attention, learning plasticity, sex etc. lower levels= depression

excitatory neurotransmitter, muscle actions, heart rate, blood vessel dilation,

inhibitory and excitatory, affect bloodflow, breathing, digestion, pain perception

excitatory, sheild body from pains, elevate pleasure opioids

wrinkled part of outer surface of brain made of FOUR lobes

large cerebral commissure that connects the left and right hemispheres with large track of MYELINATED NERVES

this lobe deals with vision

this lobe deals with hearing, language processing, memory, and smell

this lobe deals with planning, intelligence, personality, and voluntary muscles

this lobe deals with knowing your body location in space, motor control, and touch

collection of structures involved in emotions, sex behavior, aggression, and memory, its also made up of hippocampus and amygdala

in limbic system: plays role in memory, especially emotional memories

in limbic system: converts short term memory to long term memory

other areas thought to be part of limbic system

relay station for sensory input, plays roles in consciousness and attention

structure below thalamus, governs release of many hormones

below hypothalamus, master gland of body, regulates release of hormones like ovaries and testicles

group of structures in charge of coordinating smooth muscle movement, may also play role in motivation.