4.11 Basic concepts of organic chemistry ✓
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1
What is a hydrocarbon?
compound containing carbon and hydrogen only
2
What is a homologous series?
family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differe by addition of CH2 group
3
What is a functional group?
atom or group of atoms that replaces hydrogen in an organic compound that is largely responsible for molecule’s chemical properties
4
What 3 things can hydrocarbons be classified as?
-aliphatic
-alicyclic
-aromatic
-alicyclic
-aromatic
5
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?
carbon atoms joined together in unbranched (straight) or branched chains
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What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?
carbon atoms joined together in ring (cyclic) structures
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What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
some or all carbons found in benzene ring
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What are the 3 homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons?
-alkanes
-alkenes
-alkynes
-alkenes
-alkynes
9
What are alkanes?
contain single carbon-to-carbon bonds
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What are alkenes?
contain at least 1 double carbon-to-carbon bomd
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What are alkynes?
contain at least 1 triple carbon-to-carbon
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What is a parent chain?
longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
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What are alkyl groups?
side chains attached to parent chainwhich has a hydrogen atom removed from an alkane parent chain
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Name the first 10 alkanes
15
Name the first 10 alkyl groups
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Whats the name of this hydrocarbon?
2,2-dimethylbutane
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Whats the name of this hydrocarbon?
3-ethyl-2,4-dimethylhexane
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Which prefix is put in front of the stem in a hydrocarbon when the alkane is cyclic?
cyclo-
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Whats the name of this hydrocarbon?
cyclopentane
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What does an alkene functional group consist of?
C=C
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What does an alcohol functional group consist of?
-OH
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What does an aldehyde functional group consist of?
-CHO
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What does a haloalkane functional group consist of?
-Cl / -Br / -I
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What does a ketone functional group consist of?
-C(CO)C-
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What does a carboxylic acid functional group consist of?
-COOH
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What does an ester functional group consist of?
-COOC-
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What does an acyl chloride functional group consist of?
-COCl
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What does an amine functional group consist of?
-NH2
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What does a nitrile functional group consist of?
-CN
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What is the suffix for an alkene?
-ene
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What is the suffix for an alcohol?
-ol
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What is the prefix for an alcohol?
hydroxy-
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What is the prefix for a haloalkane?
chloro- / bromo- / iodo-
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What is the suffix for an aldehyde?
-al
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What is the suffix for a ketone?
-one
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What is the suffix for a carboxylic acid?
-oic acid
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What is the suffix for an ester?
-oate
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What is the suffix for an acyl chloride?
-oyl chloride
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What is the suffix for an amine?
-amine
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What is the prefix for an amine?
amino-
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What is the suffix for a nitrile?
-nitrile
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What does a molecular formula show?
number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule
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What is an empirical formula?
simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound
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What is a general formula?
simplest algebraic formula for any member of homologous series
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What does a displayed formula show?
relative positioning of all atoms in a molecule and bonds between them
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What is a structural formula?
formula using smallest amount of detail necessary to show arrangement of atoms in molecule
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What does a line present in a skeletal formula?
single bond
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What does an intersection of 2 lines represent in a skeletal formula?
carbon atom
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What does the end of a line represent in a skeletal formula?
$-CH_3$
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What are these skeletal formulas representing?
benzene
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What are isomers?
different compounds with same molecular formula
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What are structural isomers?
compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formulae
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What are these an example of?
structural isomers
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Do aldehydes and ketones with the same number of carbon atoms have the same molecular formulae?
yes
55
What is a covalent bond?
shared pair of electrons between 2 atoms
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How can covalent bonds be broken?
-homolytic fission
-heterolytic fission
-heterolytic fission
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What is homolytic fission?
when a covalent bond breaks and each of bonded atoms takes 1 of shared pair of electrons, resulting in each atom having a single unpaired electron
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What is a radical?
atom or groups of atoms with unpaired electrons
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What is heterolytic fission?
when a covalent bond breaks and one of bonded atoms takes both electrons from bond, resulting in a positive and negative ion
60
What is a reaction mechanism?
how the reaction takes place
61
What do curly arrows represent in reaction mechanisms?
movement of electron pairs when bonds are broken or made
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What is an addition reaction?
2 reactants join together to form one product
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What is a substitution reaction?
atom or group of atoms replaced by different atom or group of atoms
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What is an elimination reaction?
removal of small molecule from larger one (1 reactant molecule forms 2 products)