Bio Chapter 10

Nucleic acids that are long chains of chemical units called nucleotides.

polynucleotide

By covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next pattern

In the next repeating pattern, the next phosphate in the sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate.

1- a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

what sugar is called in DNAand RNA structure because it's missing an oxygen atom.

deoxyribonucleic acid. Nucleic refers to the DNA's location in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.

single ring structures. one of the 4 DNA nucleotides that differ intheir nitrognout bases

larger, double ring structures. one of the 4 DNA nucleotides that differ intheir nitrognout bases

ribose.

determined by James WAtson and Francis Crick. a helix with a uniform diameter made up of 2 polynucleotide strands.

emzymes that make covalent bonds between the nucleotides of a new DNA strand and help repair DNA that is damaged by toxic chemicals or high enegry radiation.

orgins of replication. Then proceeds in both directions, creating replication "bubbles"

that all body cells in a multicellular organism carry the same genetic information. Genetic information is passed along to offspring.

transcription- the transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule
Translation- the transfer of information from RNA into a polypeptide.

the production of a polypeptide.

the instructions of the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain are writtten in DNA and RNA as a series of three base words.

amino acids that form a polypeptides.

is the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA.

take their place at a time along the RNA template strand by forming hydrogen bonds with the nucleotide bases there.

the RNA nucleotides are linked by the transcription enzyme.

a strand of RNA about 80 nucleotides, twisted and folded upon itself.

the end of the tRNA that is a special triplet of base.

During translation.

the site where one kind of amino acid attaches

initiation, elongation, and termination.

1- an mRNA molecule binds to a small ribosomal subunit, then a initiator beinds to start condon, where translation is to begin on the mRNA.
2- a large ribosomal subunit binds to the small one, creating a functional ribosome.

- a stop codon reaches the ribosome's A site, the completed polypeptide is freed, and the ribosome splits back into its subunits.

any change in the nucleotide sequence of a cell's DNA.

a large regions of chromosome of just a single nucleotide pair.

1- nucleeotide substitutions and
2- nucleotides insertions or deletions.

viruses that attack bacteria (bacteria eater)

molecule of DNA enclosed within an elaborate structure made of proteins.

lytic cycle

an alternative route, in which viral DNA replication occurs without phage production of the death of the new cell.