Bones and Fractures: Medical Terms

15% water
30% collagen fiber

interstitial

the development of a cartilage model
a. hyaline cartilage in the epiphysis
b. brown is periosteum

trabecular

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calcification:
calcium and other mineral salts are

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epiphyseal line

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formation of trabecular:
extracellular matrix develops into

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development of the periosteum:

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1. development of the cartilage model
2. growth of the cartilage model
3. development of primary ossification center
4. development of the medullary cavity
5. development of secondary ossification centers

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9 year old Marcus fell and broke his left arm. The arm was placed in a cast and seemed to heal normally. As an adult, Marcus found out his right arm was longer. What happened?

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a bone is made up of what kinds of
tissues?

a break in a bone

a broken bone in which one end of the fractured bone is driven into the other end

a broken bone that does not break the skin

a broken bone that protrudes through the skin

a condition of porous bones characterized by decreased bone mass and increased susceptibility to fractures

a degeneration of articular cartilage allowing the bony ends to touch; worsens due to friction between the bones

a disease where the bones are porous because bone resorption outpaces bone deposition
1. women's bones are less massive than men's bones

a hole through which arteries, veins, nerves pass
nutrient veins
epiphyseal and metaphyseal veins

a hollow cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood
vessels in adults

a layer of hyaline cartilage in the area between the shaft and end of a growing bone

a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length

a partial break in a bone in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends

a partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends

a remnant of the active epiphyseal plate; a sign that the bone has stopped growing in length

a series of microscopic fissures in bone that form without any evidence of
injury to other tissues

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage
covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation with
another bone
reduction of friction

a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

a tough connective tissue sheath and
its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage
outer fibrous layer - dense irregular connective tissue

About 25% of all stress fractures
involve which bone?

active form of vitamin D; raises blood calcium levels by increasing absorption of calcium from digestive tract

An archeologist and an anthropologist are studying two
skeletons from an ancient tomb that had apparently been looted in an
earlier time. Both skeletons are females and both are
approximately the same height. Howeverthe anthropologist is absolutely certain that one skeleton is the remains of someone from the privileged class while the other skeleton is the remains of a servant or slave. How could the anthropologist be so sure of the economic status of the
individuals based solely on their skeletal remains?
In osteoporosis, bone resorption outpaces bone deposition so that bone mass is depleted, sometimes to the point of
spontaneous fracture. Pain and height loss may occur as vertebrae shrink. Postmenopausal women are especially at risk due to

An increase in bone growth is
promoted by which hormones?
after the break in the bone occurs, blood vessels in that area are damaged and blood surrounds the fracture. The blood solidifies to form a clot, which reduces bleeding. White blood cells migrate into the area to remove

an inherited condition where the
conversion of cartilage to bone is
abnormal

an opening in the shaft of the bone
allowing an artery to pass into the bone

another name for setting a fracture, or bringing it into alignment

areas between osteons; fragments of old osteons

Astronauts in space exercise as part of their daily routine, yet they still have problems with bone weakness after prolonged stays in space. Why does this happen?

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blue

blue cells around the perimeter

bone formed within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme
flat bones of the skull
facial bones
mandible

bone forms directly within
mesenchyme

bone growth in length is called _______ growth, and
bone growth in diameter is called ________ growth.
hardness

Bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone?

bone-building cells that synthesize and secrete collagen fibers, extracellular matrix components, and initiate
calcification

Briefly describe the major differences between compact and spongy bone.

Briefly describe the processes by which bone increases in length and diameter.
High levels of PTH would cause high levels of

Briefly describe the steps in
bone deposition.
during bone resorption, an osteoclast attaches tightly to the endosteum or
periosteum of the bone and forms a leak proof seal at the edges. Then it releases
protein-digesting lysosomal enzymes and several amino acids into the sealed pocket. The enzymes digest collagen fibers and other organic substances while the acids dissolve the bone materials. Working together several osteoclasts carve out a small tunnel in the old bone. The degraded bone proteins and extracellular matrix minerals enter an osteoclast by endocytosis, cross the cell in vesicles, and undergo exocytosis on the side opposite the ruffled border. Now in the interstitial

Briefly describe the steps in
bone resorption.

Briefly describe what is happening in each of the numbered stages of
intramembranous
ossification as observed in a child's skull shown in the diagram below.
The diagram illustrates repair of a bone fracture. In step one, there is formation of a fracture hematoma. In step two, a

Briefly describe what is happening in each step of fracture repair shown in the diagram.

Briefly explain how blood calcium level is regulated.

bundles of collagen fibers that attach periosteum to bone

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Calcium is involved in all of the following important
body functions EXCEPT
a) blood clotting.
b) nervous system communication.
c) muscle contraction.
d) acting as a cofactor in some enzymatic reactions.
e) being the primary cation that regulates osmotic balance in cells.

can spongy bone be found without compact bone?

canals that extend longitudinally through the bone and carry blood
vessels and nerves to the osteon

canals that run in a transverse direction and allow blood vessels, lymphatic
vessels, and nerves to penetrate
compact bone

cells that secrete the components
required to build bone

circular plates of mineralized
extracellular matrix of increasing
diameter, surrounding a central canal

column-like layer of maturing
chondrocytes

condition characterized by failure of new bone formed by remodeling to
calcify in adults

connective tissue bone cancer that
affects osteoblast and occurs most
often in teenagers during their growth spurt

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decreases blood calcium levels by
accelerating calcium deposition in bones and inhibiting osteoclasts

describe how a fibrocartilage
(soft) callus is formed.

describe how the cartilage model grows
interstitial growth

describe how the hard callus is formed

describe red bone marrow
all bone marrow in developing bones of the fetus
all bone marrow in a newborn baby

Describe the four steps involved in
developing the ossification center.
1. the osteocytes are surrounded by matrix so they stop secreting it
2. the osteocytes lie in lacunae and extend their cytoplasm into the canaliculi

Describe the four steps that occur in the development of the primary
ossification center
as the primary ossification center grows towards the ends, osteoclasts break down the spongy bone trabecular

Describe the process of calcification
as the extracellular matrix forms it
develops into trabecular that fuse to form spongy bone around the network of blood vessels in the tissue.

describe the process of the
development of the secondary
ossification centers
hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphysis
becomes articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage between the diaphysis and

describe the process of the creation of a fracture hematoma

Describe the signs and symptoms of
osteoporosis and describe the risk
factors for developing osteoporosis.

Describe the steps in bone repair.
The only means by which bone can increase in length
(interstitial growth) is by activity at the epiphyseal plate. Until full height is reached, the plate consists of layers of chondrocytes, which generate
matrix that is then calcified and replaced by bone matrix
secreted by osteoblasts on the diaphyseal side of the plate. Around ages

describe the steps taken when
osteoclasts resorb bone.

diagnostic procedure where a radioactive tracer is injected intravenously and taken up by the bone

What does this procedure tell a doctor?
bone cancer
abnormal healing of fracture

does spongy bone tissue always have osteocytes?

During adulthood which of the following does NOT significantly contribute to bone remodeling and growth?
parathyroid hormones
vitamin D
epinephrine
sex steroids
human growth hormone

during childhood, it promotes growth at epiphyseal plate; production
stimulated by human growth hormone

During endochondral ossification in a
fetal bones initially develop as a
cartilage model surrounded by a
connective tissue covering called the _______

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embryonic tissue from which the
majority of connective tissue cells are derived
the inner portion of the periosteum
endosteum

excessive secretion of human growth hormone during childhood

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fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone in which the distal
fragment is displaced posteriorly

fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone, with serious injury of the
distal tibial articulation

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Give the four principal situations in which ossification occurs.

Give the percentage of each component that makes up the extracellular matrix of osseous tissue

Give the steps taken by the body when calcium levels are disrupted and
decreased.

give two names for the process by which bone is formed
1. initial formation of bones in embryo and fetus
2. growth of bones during infancy,
childhood, adolescence
3. remodeling of bone

give two names for the repeating
structural unit of compact bone

hemopoetic tissue

How are osteons in compact bone tissue aligned?

How are the ridges formed in
appositional growth?
ridges fold together and fuse causing the groove to be a tunnel, the

how do neighboring osteocytes
communicate?

how do trebeculae help bones resist weight?
bone scan

It tells
where the blood supply to the bone is normal (gray color)
where the blood supply is increased; a "hot spot" (dark)

how does a long bone increase
in thickness?
1. formation of ridges
2. formation of endosteum
3. creation of an osteum
4. addition of new circumferential lamellae

how is articular cartilage produced?
1. interstitial growth of cartilage on the
epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
2. replacement of cartilage on the
diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate by

how is the cartilage model created?

how is the endosteum created in
appositional growth?
osteoblasts in the endosteum deposit bone in concentric lamellae proceeding inward toward the blood vessel, filling in the

how is the medullary cavity formed?
the epiphyseal artery enters the epiphysis
secondary ossification centers develop, usually around birth

how is the osteum created in
appositional growth?
osteoblasts under the periosteum
deposit the new circumferential

How is the periosteum created?
development of the ossification center:

how long does it take for a fracture hematoma to form?

how long does it take for a hard callus to form?
dead portions of the fragments of broken bones are resorbed by osteoclasts

how long does it take for the soft callus to form?
osteogenic cells develop into osteoblasts and begin to produce spongy bone trabecular. The trebeculae join the living and dead

how long does the fracture hematoma stage last?
1. fibroblasts from the periosteum invade the fracture site and produce collagen
2. chondroblasts begin to produce fibrocaartilage

huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes that releases
enzymes and acids that digest the protein and mineral components of extracellular bone matrix.

Hypersecretion of human growth
hormone during childhood results in _________.
1, The skeletal system is used for support for the soft tissues of the body and as
attachment sites for tendons of most skeletal muscles.
2. The skeletal system functions in protection for the internal organs.
3. The skeletal system assists in movement working together with the muscle
system.
4. Skeletal system aids in mineral (calcium and phosphorus) homeostasis by storing several minerals and releasing them into the bloodstream on demand.
5. Within some bones is red bone marrow that produces blood cells.
6. Bones also contain yellow bone marrow which is a

in a growing bone; the region that contains the epiphyseal plate

in an embryo, what tissue is formed in the shape of bones and gives rise to
cartilage and bone

In the diagram where is the central
(Haversian) canal?

In the diagram where is the zone of
hypertrophic cartilage?

In the diagram where is the zone of resting cartilage?

In this disease, osteoclast proliferate
excessively and bone resorption occurs faster than bone deposition. The new bone is weaker and has a higher proportion of spongy to compact bone with decreased amount of minerals and higher amounts of spongy bone.
minerals
vitamins

in this epiphyseal plate zone, large,
maturing chondrocytes are arranged in columns

in this epiphyseal plate zone, larger chondrocytes undergo interstitial growth, division, and also secrete
matrix

In which region of the diagram would you find the medullary cavity?

infection of the bone

infection of the bone usually caused by bacteria

interconnected, tiny canals filled with extracellular fluid; connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal

involved in bone growth by increasing osteoblast activity; causes long bones to stop growing in length

irregular lattice of thin columns of bone found in spongy bone tissue

is new bone or old bone more resistant to fracture?
1. osteoclasts attach to the bone surface and forms a leakproof seal at the ruffled border
2. lysosomal enzymes and acids are released into the sealed pocket
3. several osteoclasts carve out a small tunnel in the bone
4. the proteins and minerals enter the osteoclast by endocytosis, cross the cell in vesicles, and undergo exocytosis on the side opposite the
ruffled border.
5. the proteins and minerals are in the interstitial fluid where they

lamellae arranged around the entire outer and inner circumference of the shaft of a long bone
perforating fibers

lamellae in areas between neighboring osteon
perforating canals

large cells derived from numerous monocytes; involved in resorption by release of lysosomal enzymes and acids

layer of actively dividing chondrocytes

layer of small, scattered chondrocytes anchoring the epiphyseal plate to the bone

Like other _____ bone tissue contains an abundant extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells.

List and briefly describe the six main functions of the skeletal system.
a) Ossification center develops >
Calcification >
Formation of trabeculae >

List bone cells in the order from
unspecialized stem cell to highly
specialized mature bone cell.

list four functions of the periosteum

List the four steps involved in the
repair of a bone fracture

List the four steps of
intramembraneous ossification.
1. chemical messengers cause the mesenchymal cells to cluster and differentiate
2. mesenchyme turns into osteogenic cells
3. osteogenic cells turn into osteoblasts

List the six steps of endochondral
ossification.
chemical messages cause the mesenchymal cells to crowd together in the general shape of the future bone
the mesenchyme develops into chondroblasts

Lists the order of the four zones of
cartilage found within the growth plate starting at the epiphysis and extending to the diaphysis.

mature bone cells that are involved in the daily metabolism

mature cells that maintain the daily metabolism of bone

membrane lining the medullary cavity

microscopic bone breaks resulting from inability to withstand repeated stressful impact

microscopic unit of compact
bone tissue

Name 6 functions of the skeletal system
99% of the body's calcium and the

Name the two layers of the periosteum and give their composition
protects the bone
assists in fracture repair
helps nourish bone tissue
serves as an attachment point for

one end of the fractured bone is
forcefully driven into the interior of the other

ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

orange cell on the edge of the picture
surrounded by the blue tissue

orange cells within the white area

over secretion of human growth
hormone during adulthood

parallel, tube-like cylinders of bone that run along the axis of long bones and house blood vessels and nerves

Patient X has a tumor of the parathyroid glands that causes a hypersecretion of PTH from these glands. Predict the effect this hypersecretion would have on the skeletal system and on the secretion of calcitonin from the thyroid gland.

Place in order the steps involved in endochonral ossification
(1) nutrient artery invades the perichondrium
(2) osteoclasts create a marrow cavity
(3) chondrocytes enlarge and calcify
(4) secondary ossification centers appear at epiphyses
(5) osteoblasts become active in the primary ossification center

Place in order the steps involved in intramembranous
ossification
(1) bony matrices fuse to form trabeculae
(2) clusters of osteoblasts form a center of ossification that secretes the
extracellular matrix
(3) spongy bone is replaced with compact bone on the bone's surface
(4) periosteum develops on the bone's periphery
(5) the extracellular matrix hardens by deposition of calcium and mineral salts

Place in order the steps involved in the repair of a bone
fracture.
(1) osteoblast production of trabecular and bony callus formation
(2) formation of hematoma at the site of fracture
(3) resorption of remaining bone fragments and remodeling of bone
(4) migration of fibroblasts to the fracture site
(5) bridging of broken ends of bones by a fibrocartilaginous callus

procedure in which a needle is inserted into the middle of the bone to withdraw a sample of red bone marrow

is it painful?
leukemia
metastatic neoplasms
lymphoma
Hodgkin's disease

proximal and distal ends of bones

raises blood calcium levels by
increasing bone resorption

red

reduced bone mass below normal

region of dead chondrocytes

removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts, destroying matrix

required for collagen synthesis

required for protein synthesis

resistance to being stretched or torn apart
osteogenic cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes

rings of hard calcified matrix found just beneath the periosteum and lining the medullary cavity

small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

small spaces between the concentric lamellae which contain osteocytes

space within the shaft of the bone that contains yellow bone marrow

splintered bone, with smaller fragments lying between main fragments

Taryn is a high school senior who is undergoing a strenuous running regimen for several hours a day. Lately she has experienced intense pain in her right leg that is hindering her workouts. The doctor doe to notice any outward evidence of injury and orders a bone scan. What does her doctor suspect the problem is?
Marcus injured his epiphyseal plate when he broke his arm and this resulted in
premature closure of the plate.
The premature closure interfered with the

the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts, creating matrix

the bone is splintered, crushed, or
broken into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie
between the two main fragments

the bone's shaft or body - the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone

the breakdown of bone extracellular matrix
80% compact bone

the broken ends of the bone do not protrude through the skin

the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

the construction of new bone tissue and breaking down of old bone tissue

the covering that develops around a cartilage model
the chondroblasts are surrounded by extracellular matrix and are now called chondrocytes
the cartilage model grows in length by the cell division of the chondrocytes and further secretion of matrix

the creation of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the red bone marrow
developing blood cells, adipocytes,

The crystallized inorganic mineral salts in bone contribute to bone's _______.
Collagen fibers and organic molecules provide the bone with _______.

the degeneration of articular cartilage such that the bony ends touch

the fractured ends of a bone are brought into alignment by a surgical procedure using internal fixation
devices such as screws, plates, pins, rods, and wires
1. formation of fracture hematoma
2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation
3. bony callus formation

the fractured ends of a bone are brought into alignment by manual
manipulation and the skin remains
intact

the long, cylindrical main portion of the bone; the shaft

the process by which the salts in the cellular matrix crystallize within the collagen fibers and cause the bone to harden

the proximal and distal ends of the bone

the region between the diaphysis and the epiphyses

the strongest form of osseous tissue, containing few spaces
beneath the periosteum of all bones

the study of bone structure and
treatment of bone disorders
support
protection
assistance in movement
mineral homeostasis
blood cell production

the tough covering the surrounds the bone surface wherever cartilage is not present

the type of cartilaginous growth where the cartilage model increases in length due to division of chondrocytes and
secretion of extracellular matrix
appositional growth

the type of cartilaginous growth where the cartilage model increases in thickness due to the deposition of matrix on the cartilage surface of the model by new chondroblasts that develop from the perichondrium
1. a nutrient artery penetrates the perichondrium in the mid region, stimulating osteogenic cells
2. perichondrium starts to form bone and becomes periosteum
3. periosteal capillaries grow into the cartilage inducing a growth of the primary ossification center
4. osteoblasts deposit matrix over the remains of the cartilage
forming spongy bone trebeculae.

thick bundles of collagen that extend from the periosteum into the bone
extracellular matrix

thin columns of bone arranged in
irregular patterns

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones where they form a joint

This epiphyseal plate zone is only a few cells thick. Most of the chondrocytes are dead because the matrix around them has been calcified.

this epiphyseal zone is nearest the
epiphysis and consists of small,
scattered chondrocytes that anchor the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis.

this type of fracture occurs only in
children whose bones are not fully
ossified and contain more organic than inorganic material
blood vessels crossing the fracture line are broken
blood leaks into the site of the fracture
swelling and inflammation occur
phagocytes and osteoclasts move in to

tiny canals that penetrate compact bone; carry blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves from the
periosteum

tiny channels that radiate in all
directions from lacunae and are filled with extracellular fluid

too much mineral material is deposited in the bone creating thick bumps

triglyceride storage tissue

True or False
bone resorption involves increased
activity of osteoclasts

True or False
The formation of bone from cartilage is known as endochondral ossification.

True or False
The growth of bone is controlled
primarily by hormones.

two forms of a disease resulting from
calcification of the extracellular bone
matrix, usually caused by a vitamin D
deficiency resulting in bowed legs and deformities of the skull, rib cage, pelvis

under secretion of human growth
hormone during childhood

unspecialized bone stem cells which are the only bone cells to undergo cell
division

unspecialized stem cells derived from mesenchyme

What are bone-dissolving cells called?

what are the 7 parts of a long bone?

What are the extracellular fluid filled extensions of the lacunae called?

what are the five steps in appositional growth of the thickness of a long bone?
1. at the surface, periosteal cells differentiate into
osteoblasts
2. osteoblasts secrete collagen fibers and matrix
3. osteoblasts become surrounded by matrix
becoming osteocytes

what are the four types of cells present in osseous tissue?

what are the four zones of the epiphyseal plate?

what are the functions of articular
cartilage?

what are the two functions of compact bone tissue?
osteon

what are two other names for spongy bone tissue?

what causes bones to be flexible

what causes bones to be hard?

what cells create the circumferential lamellae?

what cells make up the endosteum?

what conditions are diagnosed through bone marrow needle biopsy?

what connects the outer circumferential lamellae to the periosteum?

what happens in the bone remodeling phase?

What happens in the formation of
trebeculae?
the mesenchyme condenses at the

What happens to red bone marrow in an adult?
How does the composition change?
diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphyses
articular cartilage
periosteum
medullary cavity

what hormone is the most important regulator of calcium levels because it increases the blood calcium level
1. homeostasis is disrupted
2. blood calcium level drops
3. parathyroid gland cells detect the drop (receptors)
4. parathyroid gland increases production of cAMP (input_
5. genes in the parathyroid gland nucleus sense the increase in cAMP (control center) and increase release of PTH (output)
6. PTH activates effectors, osteoclasts increase bone resorption, kidneys retain Calcium, kidneys excrete phosphate, kidneys produce calcitrol
7. blood level of calcium increases and goes back to normal

what hormones influence bone
remodeling?