BIOL 1190 Chapter 1

1. Metabolism
2. Responsiveness
3. Movement
4. Growth
5. Differentiation
6. Reproduction

- is a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body's internal environment.
- process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

- It is the fluid that fills the spaces between cells.
- it is composed of water, AA, sugar, fatty acids, coenzumpes, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts and other cellular products.
- main function: bathe and surround the cells of the body.

Stimuli are detectable changes in the internal or external environment that can cause a temporary change in physiological activity or response from the organism.

Regulated by the nervous system and endocrine system, either acting together or independently.

STIMULUS -> disrupts a CONTROLLED CONDITION -> receptors detect the disruption -> sends signal to CONTROL CENTER -> control center sends signal to EFFECTORS -> effectors change/RESPONSE to the altered condition to return it to homeostasis.

Negative feed back reduces a stimulus - it is a change taht triggers a response that opposes the initial change

- prevents small changes from becoming too large
- helps to stabilize the system and maintaining parameters at a set point.

Body temp rises above set point -> brain detects this change and activates cooling mechanism -> sends signals for blood vessels in the skin to dilate, increasing heat loss -> sweat glands are also activated to help cool the body -> body temperature decreases -> brain detects that we have returned to normal body temp and is at homeostasis.

Positive feedback amplifies the original stimulus.
An example is the release of oxytocin during child birth.

Contractions push babys head to the cervix -> cervix stretches and triggers receptors to send signals to the brain to release oxytocin -> brain releases oxytocin which tells muscles in the uterus to contract (more) -> increase contractions push the baby even harder towards the cervix -> loop continues until there is no more cervical stretching/the baby is born.

1. standing up right
2. facing the observer, head level
3. eyes facing forward
4. feet flat on the floor
5. arms at the side of the body
6. palms turned forward (ventrally)

lying face down

lying face up (on back)

head

neck

armpit

arm

front of elbow

forearm

wrist

palm of hand

fingers

anterior surface of knee

leg

foot

Ankle

forehead

temple

eye

ear

cheek

nose

mouth

chin

breastbone

base of the skull

spinal column

skull

face

buttock

region between the anus and external genitalia

back of the knee

calf

sole

top of foot or back of hand

great toe

heel

between hips (posterior)

shoulder blade

back of elbow

toward the head or upper body

toward the back

toward the front

toward the tail or inferior end

Toward the midline of the body

Away from the midline of the body

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Divides body into unequal right and left sides (not on midline)

the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves

passes through the body at an angle

brain

spinal cord and spinal nerves

Pleural cavity: layers of pleura that surrounds a lung
Pericardial cavity: layers of pericardium that surrounds the heart
Mediastinal cavity: central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that extend from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm. contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and large blood vessels.

Peritoneal cavity: stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc.
Pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, portion of large intestine, reproductive organs

covers the heart

it is superficial to the visceral pericardium

pericardial cavity. it contains serous fluid and it prevents friction and adhesion

covers the lung (closest layer)

outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall; superficial to the visceral pleura

pleural cavity is the space between the visceral and parietal pleura that contains serous fluid which prevents friction and adhesion.

serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

covers the abdominal organs

lines the abdominal wall, covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm

located outside, or posterior to, the peritoneum

organs are: kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colons

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac