1What is the base unit for length?
meters
2name all the units used for length from largest to smallest
kilometer, meter, centimeter, millimeter, micrometer, nanometer
3What instruments were used for length?
ruler, meter stick
4What is the base metric unit for weight?
grams
5What instrument is used for weight?
scale
6What is the base metric unit for volume
liters
7What instruments were used for volume?
graduated cylinder, beaker, dropper bottle
8volume
amount of space that an object occupies
9What are the scales used for temperature?
farenheit and celsius
10What instrument is used for temperature?
thermometer
11water freeze temperature
32F or 0C
12water boil temperature
212F, 100C
13human body temprature
98F, 36.66C
15surface of your skin temperature
37C
16cold tap water in a 50-ml beaker temperature
22C
17hot tap water in a 50-ml beaker
97C
18ice water temperature
7C
19What system of measurement is used in science?
metric system
20What instruments are used to observe objects smaller than a millimeter?
microscopes
21To properly measure 20 ml of water, what must be at the 20-ml mark of the graduated cylinder
the meniscus
22Which temperature scale is used in science?
celsius scale
23What metric unit is used for atoms, amino acids, protein, or viruses?
nanometers
24What metric unit is used for chloroplast, most bacteria, cells, or human egg?
micrometers
25What metric unit is used for frog eggs?
millimeters
26What metric unit is used for ants, mice, or ostrich eggs?
centimeters
27What metric unit is used for anything larger than a human?
meters
28compound light microscope
used for examining small or thinly sliced sections of objects under higher magnification than that of the stereomicroscope
29ocular lens
magnifies the image created by the objective lens
30viewing head
holds the ocular lenses
31arm
supports upper parts and provides carrying handle
32nosepiece
revolving device that holds objectives
33objective lenses
magnifies objects enough for you to see them in great detail
34What are the types of objective lenses?
scanning objective, low-power objective, power objective, oil immersion objective (listed from least to most detail shown)
35stage
platform that holds and supports microscope slides
36stage clips
clips that hold a slide in place on the stage
37mechanical stage control knobs
two knobs that control forwardeverse movement and right/left movement
38coarse-adjustment knob
knob used to bring object into approximate focus; used only with low-power objective
39fine-adjustment knob
knob used to bring object into final focus
40condenser
lens system below the stage used to focus the beam of light on the object being viewed
41diaphragm control lever
lever that controls the amount of light passing through the condenser
42illuminator
an attached lamp that directs a beam of light up through the object
43base
the flat surface of the microscope that rests on the table
44depth of field
the area (from top to bottom) that comes into focus while slowly focusing up and down with the microscope's fine-adjustment knob
45What are the differences between a stereomicroscope and a compound light microscope?
higher optical resolution
46What does the term compound mean?
substance created from 2 or more combined elements
47Which term describes the minimum distance between two objects required to distinguish them as two separate objects?
resolution
48If the amount of light passing through the condenser needs to be decreased, what microscope part should be adjusted?
diaphragm
49If a slide is being viewed with the high-power objective, which adjustment knob should be used to sharpen the focus?
the fine adjustment
50Which objective should be in place when the microscope is put away?
scanning objective
51If threads are layered from top to bottom, brown, green, red, which layer will come into focus first if you are using the microscope properly?
brown
52What problem will you encounter if you use the course adjustment knob to focus on an object with the higher-power objective?
you could break the slide because it will get crushed between the stage and objective lens
53plasma membrane
lipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded
54nucleus
commanded center of cell; contains cell's DNA
55nucleolus
site where ribosomes are
56ribosome
small complexes of RNA and protein that are sites of protein synthesis
57endoplasmic reticulum
produces proteins for the root of the cell to function
58rough ER
modifies proteins
59smooth ER
detoxifies drugs and makes lipids
60golgi apparatus
produces vesicles; tranports, sorts and modifies proteins and lipids
61vesicles
helps move materials, such as protein and other molecules from 1 part of a cell to another
62lyosome
vesicle that contains enzymes that break down incoming molecules and cellular components
63mitochondrion
organelle that breaks down carbohydrates to produce ATP
64centrioles in centrosome
organizes the microtubules and provide a structure to the cell
65cytoskeleton
moves organelles and maintains cell shape
66What are the strucutres unique to plant cells?
cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplast
67cell wall
provides support for plants, fungi, and some protist cells
68central vacuole
membranous sac specialized for storage, contraction, digestion, and other functions
69chloroplast
capture the energy of the sun and carry on photosynthesis to produce carbohydrate
70diffusion
the movement of molecules from a higher to a lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved and the molecules are distributed equally
71speed of diffusion in cool temperature
the slowest
72speed of diffusion at room temperature
medium
73speed of diffusion at high temperature
the fastest
74isotonic solution
has the same concentration of solute as the cell. when cells are placed in an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water
75hypertonic solution
has a higher solute concentration than the cell. when cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, water moves out of the cell into the solution
76hypotonic solution
has a lower solute concentration than the cell. cell gains water
77What is brownian motion?
the random motion of small particles contained in a liquid or gas. overtime, they spread out evenly throughout the liquid or gas.
78prokaryotic cells
smaller, less complex, no nucleus
79What regulates the movement of molecules into and out of the cytoplasm?
the cell membrane
80What structures associated with prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells carry out protein synthesis?
ribosomes
81What plant cell organelle caries out photosynthesis?
chloroplast
82What molecule is associated with plant cell walls?
cellulose
83What energy (ATP)-producing organelle is found in animal and plant cells?
mitochondria
84What is the movement of water across the plasma membrane called?
osmosis
85What cellular structures are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm, cell membrane
86entropy
the relative amount of disorganization and the default state of every being. to bring order to something energy must be implemented to keep a stable state
87chromatography
separation of plant pigments
88prism
a piece of transparent material that has straight planes cut at precise angles. it can bend light passing through, or reflect it within the prism
89photo reactions
uses light to capture energy and create ATP and NADPH
90synthesis reactions
converts CO2 to glucose
91reactants necessary for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide and water
92What organelle, present in eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms, is the location of photosynthesis?
chloroplasts
93During photosynthesis, where is water split and oxygen released?
thylakoid membranes
94Where is CO2 reduced during the Calvin cycle reactions?
stroma of chloroplast
95List the various photosynthetic pigments that are found in leaves
chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, xanthophylls, carotenoids
96What color of light is not absorbed by green plants?
green
97What color of light is absorbed by carotenes?
blue and green
98What gas is released during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
oxygen
99How will plants and animals use the gas released from photosynthesis?
they'll use it in cellular respiration to produce ATP
100CO2 is broken apart during photosynthesis. Where will the carbon molecules end up?
the stroma
101Global deforestation has decreased the amount of plants on earth available to run photosynthesis. What impact is this having on the pH of the oceans?
the pH level will decrease and become more acidic because the levels of carbon dioxide will increase as a result of there being less plants to absorb the carbon dioxide
102nucleus
a large organelle containing the chromosomes and acting as a control center for the cells
103chromosome
rod-shaped body in the nucleus that is seen during mitosis and meiosis and that contains DNA, and therefore the hereditary units, or genes
104chromatids
the two identical parts of a chromosome following DNA replication
105centromere
a constriction where duplicates (sister chromatids) of a chromosome are held together
106metaphase plate
the center of the fully formed spindle
107centrosome
the central microtubule-organizing center of cells; in animal cells, contains two centrioles
108What is the name for the period of time when a cell is performing its usual function and replicating DNA?
interphase
109When does nuclear division occur?
during mitosis
110What is the purpose of mitosis in a eukaryotic organism?
to produce two identical daughter cells
111List the four stages of the cell cycle
G1, S, G2, M
112What occurs during the S stage of interphase?
DNA is replicated
113What is the term used to describe duplicated chromosomes?
sister chromatids
114If asters are observed in cells undergoing mitosis, are the cells animal or plant cells?
animal
115Name the strucuture that helps chromosomes move and is formed during prophase
spindle
116When do chromosomes align at the equator of the spindle?
metaphase
117What happens to sister chromatids during anaphase of mitosis?
they split and move to opposite poles
118During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope reform and the nucleolus reappear?
telophase
119When are organelles divided up between daughter cells?
during cytokinesis
120In which phase of the cell cycle do cells spend most of their time?
interphase
121What structure gives rise to new plant cell walls?
cell plate
122Why is it necessary for chromosomes to duplicate before mitosis?
mitosis produces two daughter cells and the parent cells must duplicate to provide each daughter cell a copy
123What are the potential consequences to an individual if they have cells in which interphase is shortened and the cell is continously undergoing the cell cycle?
DNA may not be replicated enough leading to chromosome abnormalities causing cancer