1A1C normal range?
Less than 4-5.9%
2How to prevent hypoglycemic episodes in patients with DM1
Need to keep rapid sources of glucose on hand such as glucose tablets, hard candies, and sometimes injectable glucagon
3What is HHS? Who gets it (DM1 or DM2)?
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state
DM2
4Signs and symptoms of HHS? 5 or more
-Most commonly affects patients with DM2
-Develops more gradually
-Blood sugar greater than 600 mg/dL
-Blood osmolarity greater than 320 mosm per L of water
5Laboratory Changes in a patient with CKD?
-Albumin?
-Creatinine?
-Proteinuria?
-GFR?
-High
-High
-High
-Low
6What does elevated A1C mean?
Average blood glucose over the last 2-3 months was elevated
7Signs and symptoms of urinary retention?
-Dribbling of urine
-Bladder distention
-Pain
8How to prevent pyelonephritis and UTI? (3 or more)
-Wipe from front to back
-Increase fluid intake
-Complete all antibiotics as prescribed
-Emptying the bladder
9Describe atrial fibrillation?
Electrical impulses are sent from multiple areas in the atria and transmit rapid, chaotic, and irregular impulses. Causes manifestations such as heart palpitations or dizziness
10What medications are prescribed for valvular heart disease, and which are contraindicated?
Prescribed:
-Beta-blockers (metroprolol)
-Digoxin
-Calcium channel blockers (enalalapril)
-Diuretics (furosemide)
Contraindicated
-Do not give tylenol due to possible liver damage
11What causes restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM)?
Characterized by stiffness of the ventricles which causes a decrease in diastolic ventricular refilling
12How do you manage symptoms of peripheral venous disease?
-Elevate legs
-Inspect legs for discoloration, temperature changes, and edema
13What is the treatment for atrial fibrillation? (List 3 or more)
-Beta blockers
-Blood thinners
-Synchronized electrical cardioversion
14What are three side effects of beta-blockers?
-Decrease in libido
-Changes in mood
-Urinary incontinence
-Hypotension
15What are safety concerns for peripheral artery disease?
-Balance issues due to ischemia
-Decreased walking endurance
16How does furosemide (Lasix) affect K?
Potassium wasting, hypokalemia
17What is the next step in the treatment of hypertension if diet and exercise are not effective?
Medications
18What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors?
Dry cough and angioedema