Human Anatomy Respiratory System

Supply body with O2 and dispose of CO2

"breathing" is the movement of air into and out of the lungs

hypoxic hypoxia= low arterial concentration of O2
caused by: high altitues, alveolar hypoventilation, decreased lung diffusion capacity, abnormal ventillation-perfusion ratio

anemic hypoxia= decreased amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin
caused by: blood loss, anemia (low hemoglobin or altered interaction between hemoglobin and oxygen), carbon monoxide poisoning

Ischemic hypoxia: reduced blood flow
caused by: herat failure (whole-whole body hypoxia), shock, blood clot

the exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in lungs and blood in the pulmonary capillaries

O2 and O2

the exchange of O2 and Co2 between blood (in capillaries) and body tissues

ATP production in the mitochondria

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and branches, lungs

the respiratory passageways that convey air; as well as warm and humidify the incoming air

includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts & alveoli, is the site of gas exhange

Conducting zone

Respiratory Zone

External= O2 and CO2 exchange between air in the lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries
Internal= O2 and CO2 exchange between blood in capillaries and body tissues

Olfactory mucosa
Resiratory mucosa

contains receptors for smell. found in the nasal cavity

contains pseudostratified ciliated columnar eppithelium to move mucus to the thoat (found in nasal cavity)

filter, warm, and moisten air

air is filtered, warmed, and moisted by nasal conchae and nasal mucosa

They lighten the skull, secrete mucus, and help to warm and moisten air

inflammation of nasal mucosa

infection of the paranasal sinuses

Rhinitis

Sinusitis

Naso-pharynx
Oro-pharynx
Laryngo-pharynx

muscular funnel shaped tube that connects the nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus

pharynx

supeior to the soft palate, only air passes through

from level of soft palate to epiglottis, air and food passageway

posterior to the epiglottis and extends inferiorly (air and food passageway)

voicebox

provides open airway, routes food and air into proper channels, produces sound (vocal cords reside)

spoon shaped cartilage (elastic) that closes off larynx during swallowing; it is covered with mucosa, known as gatekeeper of airways

Thyroid cartilage (largest hyaline cartilage) with laryngeal prominence

Adam's apple

vocal folds that vibrate to produce sound

represents the vocal folds and the opening/space between them

superior folds (aka false vocal cords) that help to close the glottis during swallowing

vestibular fold

help close the glottis during swallowing

C-shaped cartilage rings that prevent collapsing of trachea; is the windpipe of the body, it allows esophagus to expand during swallowing

the last cartilage ring before the trachea splits into the primary bronchi

smooth muscle that connects posterior parts of cartilage

Thyroid cartilage

cricothyroid ligament and cricotracheal ligament

Carina

Trachealis

*Mucosa
*Submucosa
*Adventitia

ciliated psudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

connective tissue with seromucous glands

outermost layer, connective tissue

mucosa

submucosa

Adventita (connective tissue)

400 million

140 m^2

R lung= 3 lobes
L lung= 2 lobes

bronchi

*cartilage rings become irregular plates
*epithelium (psedostratified columnar) --> simple cuboidal
*cilia + goblet cells become sparse

smooth muscle forms helical bands around the smaller bronchi and bronchioles

allows airways to widen with sympathetic stimulation (fight/flight) and airways to constrict under parasympathetic stimulation (rest and digest)

pulmonary capillaries and network of elastic fibers

*Type 1 alveloar cells
*Type 2 alveloar cells
*Alveolar Macrophages

(most abundant cell) form simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange

are scattered cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins

keep alveloi surfaces sterile

they use the mucociliary escalator (taken to throat and swallowed)

Type 2 alveoli cell

Type 1 alveoli cell

*alveloar epithelium (type 1 cells)
*Capillary endothelium
*and fused basement membrane

0.5 micro meters thick

gas exchange by simple diffusion

Apex

Base

superior tip of the lung (near head)

inferior broad surface of the lung (think near diaphargmn)

hilum

blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, nerves

oblique and horizontal fissures

oblique fissue and cardiac notch

*bronchopulmonary segments
(10 on right)
(8-10 on left)

Parietal Pleura

visceral pleura

*thoracic wall, diaphragm, heart, and between lungs

external surface of lungs (following contour and fissures)

within slitlike cavity between the two pleurae (parietal and visceral)
reduces frcition and causes the pleurae to cling together during breathing

inflammation of the pleura (causes friction) often secondary to pneumonia

fluid accumulation in pleural cavity (could be blood or blood filtrate)

collapsed lung because of air in pleural cavity

Pleurisy

pleural effusion

pneumothorax

*pulmonary arteries and veins
*bronchial arteries (to lung tissue)

cary blood to and from lungs for oxygenation

provide lung tissue itself with oxygenated blood

mechanical process causing gas flow into and out of the lungs according to volume changes in the thoracic cavity

inhalation (gases flow into the lungs)

exhalation (gases flow out of lungs)

inspiration and expiration

active process: diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

passive: elastic recoil force (elasticity of the lungs)

active: pectoralis and sternoleidomastoid

active: abdominals, latissimus dorsi, internal intercostal muscles

Respiratory centers in medulla and pons
chemoreceptors

generates a baseline respiration rate and controls the depth and rate of breathing

medulla, peripheral carotid, aortic bodies

*Pco2, Po2, ph levels

chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

*Emphysema**
*Chronic bronchitis**
*Asthma
**=caused by smoking

*Emphysema
*chronic bronchitis

*continual bronchial irritation and inflammation, excess mucus production, destruction of cilia, and chronic productive cough
*caused by smoking also heavy air pollution/irritants

breakdown of elastin in connective tissue of lungs, leads to destruction of the alveolar walls (loss of surface area) and loss of lung elasticity
caused by smoking/pollution/irritants

Emphysema

Chronic Bronchitis

alveloi filled with pus and fluid (makes gas exchange difficult)

fibrous CT builds in lungs (reduces lung distensibility)

elasticity=ability for lungs to recoil
distensibility= ability for lungs to expand

airways are inflammed due to irritation and bronchioles constrict due to muscle spasm

-exchange of gases between atmosphere and blood
-homeostatic regulation of body pH
-protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
-vocalization

-flow of air from regions of high to low pressure

-muscular pump

resistance to flow (altered by diameter of tubes)

movement of air in and out of the alvoili of the lungs

pulmonary and systemic circulation

filters air

help warm and moisten the incoming air

-tear glands

-two pleural membranes

aorta and esophagus

10-20 mL

-lowers friction between pleural membranes
-helps lung adhere to the thoracic wall

Lobes:
-superior
-middle
-inferior

-superior
-inferior

left lung

base

bronchiole

-80 million bronchioles

-trachea
-primary bronchi
-smaller bronchi
-bronchioles

-respiratory bronchioles
-alveoli

diameter decreases
abundance increases
cross-sectional area increases

-protective measure

-scalloped shape
-smooth muscle encircles (help regulate diameter)
-lack cartilage
-lack glands
-thinner walls than bronchus

-abundant muscle and elastic tissue

adding water vapor
traps foreign material
protects cell surface
*goblet cells

saline secretion helps hydrate airway surface and maintain mucosal layer needed for effecive mucociliary clearance

NKCC cotransporter
brings Cl- into epithelial cell from extracellular fluid

CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) moves Cl out of cell into lumen also helps prevent too much water and NA reabsorption

movement of Cl out of cells via NKCC cotransporter and CFTR anion channel

surronding connective tissue

-sternocleidomastoids
-scalenes
-external intercostals
-internal intercostals
-abdominal muscles

trachea branches into two primary bronchi

-elastic fibers
-network of capillaries
-bronchial artery, nerve, vein, and lymphatic vessles

gas exchange

-release of surfactant

ingests foreign material

-increases water surface tension, contributes toward elasticity of alveoli

4 membranes to facilitate transfer, 5 to get into RBC

alveolus wall forms barrier
they share same basement membrane

-total pressure is the sume of all partial pressures

P1V1=P2V2

PV=nrt
n (moles of gas)
r (j/mol x K)
t (absolute temp)

-6 L/min

4.2 L/min

125-170 L/min

12-20 breaths/min