180 Midterm
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1
A1C normal range?
Less than 4-5.9%
2
How to prevent hypoglycemic episodes in patients with DM1
Need to keep rapid sources of glucose on hand such as glucose tablets, hard candies, and sometimes injectable glucagon
3
What is HHS? Who gets it (DM1 or DM2)?
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state
DM2
DM2
4
Signs and symptoms of HHS? 5 or more
-Most commonly affects patients with DM2
-Develops more gradually
-Blood sugar greater than 600 mg/dL
-Blood osmolarity greater than 320 mosm per L of water
-Develops more gradually
-Blood sugar greater than 600 mg/dL
-Blood osmolarity greater than 320 mosm per L of water
5
Laboratory Changes in a patient with CKD?
-Albumin?
-Creatinine?
-Proteinuria?
-GFR?
-Albumin?
-Creatinine?
-Proteinuria?
-GFR?
-High
-High
-High
-Low
-High
-High
-Low
6
What does elevated A1C mean?
Average blood glucose over the last 2-3 months was elevated
7
Signs and symptoms of urinary retention?
-Dribbling of urine
-Bladder distention
-Pain
-Bladder distention
-Pain
8
How to prevent pyelonephritis and UTI? (3 or more)
-Wipe from front to back
-Increase fluid intake
-Complete all antibiotics as prescribed
-Emptying the bladder
-Increase fluid intake
-Complete all antibiotics as prescribed
-Emptying the bladder
9
Describe atrial fibrillation?
Electrical impulses are sent from multiple areas in the atria and transmit rapid, chaotic, and irregular impulses. Causes manifestations such as heart palpitations or dizziness
10
What medications are prescribed for valvular heart disease, and which are contraindicated?
Prescribed:
-Beta-blockers (metroprolol)
-Digoxin
-Calcium channel blockers (enalalapril)
-Diuretics (furosemide)
Contraindicated
-Do not give tylenol due to possible liver damage
-Beta-blockers (metroprolol)
-Digoxin
-Calcium channel blockers (enalalapril)
-Diuretics (furosemide)
Contraindicated
-Do not give tylenol due to possible liver damage
11
What causes restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM)?
Characterized by stiffness of the ventricles which causes a decrease in diastolic ventricular refilling
12
How do you manage symptoms of peripheral venous disease?
-Elevate legs
-Inspect legs for discoloration, temperature changes, and edema
-Inspect legs for discoloration, temperature changes, and edema
13
What is the treatment for atrial fibrillation? (List 3 or more)
-Beta blockers
-Blood thinners
-Synchronized electrical cardioversion
-Blood thinners
-Synchronized electrical cardioversion
14
What are three side effects of beta-blockers?
-Decrease in libido
-Changes in mood
-Urinary incontinence
-Hypotension
-Changes in mood
-Urinary incontinence
-Hypotension
15
What are safety concerns for peripheral artery disease?
-Balance issues due to ischemia
-Decreased walking endurance
-Decreased walking endurance
16
How does furosemide (Lasix) affect K?
Potassium wasting, hypokalemia
17
What is the next step in the treatment of hypertension if diet and exercise are not effective?
Medications
18
What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors?
Dry cough and angioedema
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