1cellular respiration
the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. oxygen required for this process
2What are the four phases of cellular respiration?
glycolysis, preparatory reaction, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain
3Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
4Where does the preparatory reaction take place?
the matrix
5Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
the matrix
6Where does the electron transport chain take place?
cristae
7cytoplasm
location of glycolysis
8matrix
location of the prep reaction and the citric acid cycle
9cristae
location of the electron transport chain
10What are the components of the mitochondria?
outer membrane, matrix, cristae, inner membrane, intermembrane space
11oxidation
removal of hydrogen atoms
12reduction
addition of hydrogen atoms
13What are the inputs of glycolysis?
glucose, NAD+, ADP and P which makes ATP
14What are the outputs of glycolysis?
pyruvate, NADH, and ATP. energy is made
15glycolysis
G3P (glucose) is broken down into pyruvate
16preparatory reaction
pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA so it can now enter the citric acid cycle. carbon dioxide is released and NADH is formed. no energy made in this step
17citric acid cycle
acetyl CoA transfers carbons to oxaloacetate, producing citric acid
18What are the inputs of the citric acid cycle?
acetyl-CoA, NAD+, FAD, ADP + P
19What are the outputs of the citric acid cycle?
CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP
20What evidence from your own body shows that energy is being released?
us breathing
21Where do animals get energy from directly?
the food they consume
22Where do animals get energy from indirectly?
the sun
23What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle?
to provide ATP
24electron transport chain
series of protein carriers (NADH and FADH2) that pass electrons from one to the other, releasing energy as they pass on from each carrier, until they are pulled to oxygen to form water
25chemiosmosis
the process of the ATP synthase using energy to make ATP. the majority of ATP is made here
26Where does the energy come from to make ATP?
glucose
27In what ways is the electron transport chain in mitochondria similar to in chloroplasts?
they both maintain the hydrogen ion gradient that powers chemiosmosis
28What is oxygen's role in the electron transport chain?
acts as the final electron acceptor, in which it combines with H's to form water
29What is released in the electron transport chain, what is made?
energy is released in the form of heat and ATP is made
30What happens to the rest of the energy not converted into ATP?
it is lost as heat
31Why is producing so much ATP important?
some of the ATP is used to power the cycle of cellular respiration
32Why are alternative energy sources to glucose important?
other molecules can enter cellular respiration and yield ATP. fatty acids yield more ATP. extra food is made into fat as storage
33fermentation
occurs in the cytoplasm when oxygen is not present, and results in fewer ATP than in cellular respiration
34What is anaerobic respiration?
cellular respiration that occurs without the presence of oxygen
35What is produced by anaerobic respiration in animals?
lactic acid
36How does anaerobic respiration affect prey animals?
it allows them to generate energy quickly in the absence of oxygen, which is crucial when escaping predators
37How is fermentation like aerobic respiration?
they both provide energy to cells
38What are the differences of fermentation and aerobic respiration?
aerobic respiration requires oxygen while fermentation can occur without
39What are some waste products of fermentation?
lactate, alcohol and carbon dioxide