1What is the cell size of a Myeloblast?
15-20 µm
2What is the cell size of a Promyelocyte?
15-21 µm
3What is the cell size of a Myelocyte?
10-18 µm
4What is the cell size of a metamyelocyte?
10-18 µm
5What is the cell size of a band?
9 - 15 µm
6What is the cell size of a segmented neutrophil?
9 - 15 µm
7What is the cell size of a eosinophil?
9 - 15 µm
8What is the cell size of a basophil?
9 - 15 µm
9What is the cell size of a monoblast?
15-25 µm
10What is the cell size of a monocyte/immature promonocytes?
larger than mature monocytes
11What is the cell size of a monocyte?
12-20 µm
12What is the cell size of a lymphoblast?
10-20 µm
13What is the cell size of a prolymphocyte?
10-18 µm
14What is the cell size of a lymphocyte?
7-15 µm
15What is the cell size of a large granular lymphocyte?
medium to large
16What is the cell size of a reactive lymphocyte?
10-25µm
17What is the cell size of a plasma cell?
10-20µm
18What is the cell size of a hairy cell?
12-20 µm
19What is the cell size of a sezary cell?
8-20µm
20What is the N:C ratio of a Myeloblast?
7:1 to 5:1
21What is the N:C ratio of a promyelocyte?
5:1 to 3:1
22What is the N:C ratio of a Myelocyte?
2:1 to 1:1
23What is the N:C ratio of a Metamyelocyte?
1.5 - 1:1
24What is the N:C ratio of a band?
1:1.5 to 1:2
25What is the N:C ratio of a Neutrophil?
1:3 ratio
26What is the N:C ratio of a eosinophil?
1:3 mature
1:2 immature
27What is the N:C ratio of a basophil?
1:2 to 1:3
28What is the N:C ratio of a monoblast?
7:1 to 3:1
29What is the N:C ratio of a monocyte/immature/promonocytes?
Larger than mature monocyte
30What is the N:C ratio of a monocyte?
4:1 to 2:1
31What is the N:C ratio of a lymphoblast?
7:1 to 4:1
32What is the N:C ratio of a Prolymphoblast?
5:1 to 3:1
33What is the N:C ratio of a lymphocyte?
5:1 to 2:1
34What is the N:C ratio of a large granular lymphocyte?
Medium to large
35What is the N:C ratio of a reactive lymphocyte?
3:1 to 1:2
36What is the N:C ratio of a plasma cell?
1:2 ratio
37What is the N:C ratio of a hairy cell?
4:1 to 2:1
38What is the N:C ratio of a sezary cell?
7:1 to 3:1
39Describe the cytoplasm and nucleus of a myeloblast
Cytoplasm:Moderate blue cytoplasm (basophilic); (typ. agranular) but may have few granules or Auer rods formed from fused lysosomal granules, stains red, may be single or multiple inclusion
Nucleus:Usually round (can have irregular/folded nuclei), fine reticulated chromatin with distinct nucleoli
40Describe the cytoplasm and nucleus of a promyelocyte
Cytoplasm:Basophilic, more plentiful than myeloblast, contains few to many blue-purple staining (primary granules-nonspecific). A paranuclear hof may be present
Nucleus:Round to oval nucleus, fine chromatin, nucleoli present
41Describe the cytoplasm and nucleus of a myelocyte
Cytoplasm:End of primary granule production and beginning of specific lilac granules
Nucleus:Round/ovalor or flattened on one side/slightly eccentric, chromatin more condensed, nucleus not indented, may or may not have nucleolus
42Describe the cytoplasm and nucleus of a metamyelocyte
Cytoplasm:Possess many fine specific granules
Nucleus:Nuclear chromatin condensed, indented to less than half the potential round nucleus, but in no area is the chromatin condensed to a single filament
43Describe the cytoplasm and nucleus of a band
Cytoplasm:Cytoplasm same as metamyelocyte
Nucleus:Nuclear chromatin condensed, indentation >half distance but no single filament
44Describe the cytoplasm and nucleus of a neutrophil
Cytoplasm:Pale pink with many specific (lilac) granules and fewer primary granules
Nucleus:Segmented or 2-5 lobes connected by thin filament with no internal chromatin, nuclear chromatin condensed
45Describe the cytoplasm and nucleus of a eosinophil
Cytoplasm:Cytoplasm contains full compliment of large reddish-orange granules
Nucleus:No more than 2 lobes, coarse clumped chromatin
46Describe the cytoplasm and nucleus of a basophil
Cytoplasm:Slightly pink to colorless cytoplasm, dark purple granules (fewer than eosinophil)
Nucleus:No more than 2-4 lobes, coarse chromatin pattern
47Describe the cytoplasm and nucleus of a monoblast
Cytoplasm:Blue to gray-blue, more cytoplasm than myeloblast, may have small azurophilic granules
Nucleus:Round to oval, finely dispersed chromatin pattern
48Describe the cytoplasm and nucleus of a monocytes, immature, promonocyte
Cytoplasm:Cytoplasm contains fine uniformly distributed azurophilic granules
Nucleus:Nuclei lobulated with delicate folding/creasing, nucleoli present but less distinct as monoblast. Nuclei show varying degree of lobulation usually characterized by delicate folding or creasing of the nuclear membrane.
49Describe the cytoplasm and nucleus of a monocyte
Cytoplasm:Gray to gray-blue, may contain fine evenly dispersed azurophilic granules
Nucleus:usually Indented but can be folded or band-like; chromatin condensed but less dense than neutrophil or lymphocyte, no visible nucleoli. Nucleus often resembles a three-pointed hat.
50Describe the cytoplasm of a lymphoblast
Cytoplasm:Scant to moderate, light to deeply basophilic
Nucleus:Fine chromatin pattern, one or more nucleoli may be seen
51Describe the nucleus of a prolymphocyte
Nucleus:Chromatin coarser than lymphoblast but more open than mature lymphocyte; usually single prominent nucleolus (eye ball)
52Describe the cytoplasm and nucleus of a lymphocyte
Cytoplasm:Scant pale blue to moderately basophilic agranular cytoplasm
Nucleus:Small with round to oval nuclei that may be slightly indented/notched; chromatin diffusely dense/clumped chromatin, no nucleoli; some may exhibit small, pale chromocenter that may be mistaken for a nucleolus.
53Describe the cytoplasm and nucleus of a large granular lymphocyte
Cytoplasm:Moderate to abundant, clear/lightly basophilic, several coarse uneven distributed azurophilic granules
Nucleus:Round, dense chromatin, no nucleoli
54Describe the cytoplasm and nucleus of a reactive lymphocyte
Cytoplasm:Moderately abundant, may be deep blue, may have amoeboid shape, azurophilic granules may be present
Nucleus:Variable nuclear size/shape/chromatin; nucleoli may be present, Chromatin may be coarse to fine
55Describe the cytoplasm and nucleus of a plasma cell
Cytoplasm:Gray-blue to deeply basophilic with prominent hof/perinuclear zone of pale or lighter staining cytoplasm seen towards one side of the nucleus; may have vacuoles or be pink-red (flame cells)
Nucleus:Round to ovoid, eccentric nucleus with coarse clumped (clock faced pattern) chromatin
56Describe the cytoplasm and nucleus of a hairy cell
Cytoplasm:Moderate to abundant pale blue to grayish blue cytoplasm and may have elongated fine cytoplasmic projections (hairy); some cases lack projections (if missing indicates history)
Nucleus:Ovoid to indented/foldedean/dumbbell shaped nucleus; finer chromatin than normal lymphocytes, nucleoli are oftne present (often small & single)
57Describe the cytoplasm and nucleus of a sezary cell
Cytoplasm:Pale blue to gray
Nucleus:May be foldedrooved convoluted nuclei
58Q: What is the most immature cell in the myeloid series?
A: Myeloblast.
59Q: In which conditions are myeloblasts commonly seen?
A: Leukemic states, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myeloproliferative disorders.
60Q: Can myeloblasts appear in non-malignant conditions?
A: Yes, very rarely in leukemoid reactions.
61Q: What is a leukemoid reaction?
A: A condition with high white blood cell (WBC) count that is not due to malignancy.
62Q: What distinctive feature may be seen in myeloblasts in myeloid leukemias?
A: Auer rods.
63Q: What are Auer rods?
A: Needle-like cytoplasmic inclusions found in myeloblasts, typically in myeloid leukemias.
64Q: In which condition are abnormal promyelocytes commonly seen?
A: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).
65Q: What are the two forms of abnormal promyelocytes seen in APL?
A: Hypergranular and microgranular forms.
66Q: What type of inclusion may be present in promyelocytes in APL?
A: Auer rods.
67Q: What is a paranuclear hof, and when may it be seen?
A: A clear area near the nucleus, sometimes seen in promyelocytes.
68Q: What characterizes hypergranular promyelocytes?
A: Abundant, large cytoplasmic granules.
69Q: What characterizes microgranular promyelocytes?
A: Fewer or fine granules, often giving a less granular appearance under the microscope.
70Q: What is the last stage of neutrophil development capable of cell division?
A: Neutrophil precursors (specifically myelocytes/metamyelocytes — depending on context).
71Q: Where are myelocytes typically confined during development?
A: Bone marrow.
72Q: Are mature myelocytes capable of cell division?
A: yes, it is the last stage of cell division
73Q: What percentage of nucleated marrow cells are band neutrophils?
A: 10–15%.
74Q: What percentage of peripheral blood leukocytes are typically band neutrophils?
A: 5–10%.
75Q: In what types of conditions is the band count increased?
A: Both physiologic and pathologic states.
76Q: What is a common term used to describe an increased band count in the blood?
A: Left shift.
77Q: What is the most mature cell in the myeloid series?
A: Neutrophil (specifically the segmented neutrophil).
78Q: What is the size range of both mature and toxic neutrophils?
A: 10–18 micrometers (µm).
79Q: In what conditions might the number of segmented neutrophils increase?
A: Infections and inflammatory conditions.
80Q: What are "toxic neutrophils"?
A: Neutrophils showing cytoplasmic changes (e.g., toxic granulation, Döhle bodies, vacuolization) often seen in severe infections or inflammation.
81Q: What percentage of eosinophils have bilobed nuclei?
A: Approximately 80%.
82Q: Can eosinophils have more than two nuclear lobes?
A: Yes, the remaining ~20% may have more than two lobes.
83Q: How does the size of eosinophils compare to neutrophils?
A: They are about the same size.
84Q: How can eosinophils be distinguished from neutrophils?
A: Eosinophils have coarser granules and typically bilobed nuclei, while neutrophils have finer granules and usually ≥3 nuclear lobes.
85Q: In which conditions might eosinophils be increased?
A: Certain myeloid neoplasms, hypereosinophilic syndrome, and reactive conditions like infection or medication use.
86Q: How does the maturation sequence of basophils compare to neutrophils?
A: It is analogous (similar).
87Q: At what stage do basophil granules begin to develop?
A: Myelocyte stage.
88Q: In which hematologic disorder may basophilia be commonly seen?
A: Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs).
89Q: Name some non-malignant conditions associated with basophilia.
A: Hypersensitivity reactions, hypothyroidism, iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and renal disease.
90Q: Where does the promonocyte fall in the monocytic cell line?
A: It is an intermediate stage between a monoblast and a mature monocyte.
91Q: How does the size of a promonocyte compare to a mature monocyte?
A: Promonocytes are generally larger than mature monocytes.
92Q: Is vacuolization a usual feature of promonocytes?
A: No, vacuolization is not typically seen.
93Q: What is the most immature lymphoid cell?
A: Lymphoblast.
94Q: In which conditions are lymphoblasts most commonly seen?
A: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoid blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
95Q: How does the size of prolymphocytes compare to normal lymphocytes and lymphoblasts?
A: Prolymphocytes are larger than normal lymphocytes but smaller than lymphoblasts.
96Q: In which conditions can prolymphocytes be seen?
A: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), prolymphocytic transformation of CLL, and prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL).
97Q: What size variation is seen in lymphocytes?
A: Some are medium-sized due to increased cytoplasm; the majority are smaller with scant cytoplasm.
98Q: What is the typical appearance of lymphocyte cytoplasm?.
A: Pale blue to moderately basophilic, agranular cytoplasm.
99Q: What is a "hof," and where might it be seen in lymphocytes?
A: A small clear zone adjacent to one side of the nucleus.
100Q: In what conditions can lymphocyte counts be increased?
A: Viral infections and in younger individuals.
101Q: What are the two main types of large granular lymphocytes?
A: Suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD3+, CD8+) and Natural Killer cells (CD3-, CD56+).
102Q: Are large granular lymphocytes normally present in the blood?
A: Yes, small numbers are seen in normal individuals.
103Q: When might large granular lymphocytes be increased?
A: In the presence of reactive lymphocytes (e.g., infections or immune responses).
104Q: What causes reactive lymphocytes to appear?
A: They react to an abnormal stimulus, often increased during viral infections.
105Q: What is a key distinguishing feature of reactive lymphocytes?
A: A wide range of cellular sizes and shapes, including variation in nuclear sizes, shapes, and chromatin patterns.
106Q: In which type of infection are reactive lymphocytes frequently increased?
A: Viral infections.
107Q: How common are plasma cells in normal peripheral blood?
A: Plasma cells are rare in normal peripheral blood.
108Q: In which condition are hairy cells typically seen?
A: Hairy cell leukemia.
109Q: In which condition are Sézary cells found?
A: In patients with the leukemic manifestation of mycosis fungoides.