1what types of categorisation are there ?
1. as a definition
2. as a prototpype
2what is categorisation as a definition ?
list of neccery and sufficinet porperties
they can be distrorted in some situations ( female vs transgender female )
3how can we diferentiate genderes ?
there is a specific place in the brain that has the role of distinguishing between males and females
4which part of the brain differentiates males and females ?
inferior temportal cortex neurons
5what is a prototpype categorisation ?
a central representation of a catehoty ( averege , central gravity )
6what is graded representation ?
membership of an object to a cathegory depends on similarity of prototype
7what methods of protottyping are there ?
1. rating method
2. sentance verification
3. priming in judgement
8what is the rating method of protyping ?
on a scale of one to ten what is the typicality ?
9what is the sentance verification of prototyping ?
"apple is a fruit"
10what is the priming judgement of pototyping ?
is a colour blue or not : own judgement
11what is the study that proves priming judgement ?
three shades of green : "is this green ? "
the reaction time between seeing the colur and saying if it is green or not shows how close to the protoype it is
12what is the role of memory in prototypes ?
memoryis constructive : fills in the gaps
with retrieving : memory changes in time
memory gravitates toward prototype
13what is a schmata ?
general knowledge about a asituation
14when do we use schemata ?
when we do not have full memory , we add what we know in general
15what is one exmaple of when we use schemata ?
idk how someone's kitchen looks like but i know that the trash is usally below the sink
16what is a script ?
general knowldge of the sequence of events
17what is one example of a script ?
how to make tes
18what is being stored in our brain ?
1. the prototype theory
2. the exemplar
19what is the prototype theory ?
only one prototype is being stored from earlier expiriences
20what is the evaluation of prototype theory ?
very efficient storage
but requires separate storage for uniqueness
21what is the exemplar approach ?
there is no categorisation problem
stored together leves more
needs a lot of capacity
22how do we organise semantic information ?
one fact triggers the retrival of related facts
23what are semntic memories ?
facts and concepts about the world
24what is the structure of a hiercachical network ?
nodes
activation
links
inheritance
25what are nodes ?
concepts
26how does activatin happen in hiercahical networks ?
it is porpagated via links
27what are links ?
exemplrs
28what is inheritence in hiercachical networks ?
lower nodes inherit higher nodes
29what is th emain problem with hierarhcial networks ?
1. cannot deal with typicality effct
2. cognitive eeconomy
30what is cognitive economy ?
**Information stored at one level of the hierarchy is not repeated at other levels**
31what is the re enters trace model ?
models of memory consolidation (either standard model or multiple trace ) are also relevant to knowledge representation
32what is the standard model of consolodation ?
stage 1 : hippocapus to neocortex
stage 2 : consolidtion trough hippocapus ( sleep )
stage 3 : neocortex only
33what is the multiple trace theory ?
questions the use of hippocampus at the begining of the process
34when is the hippocapmus used according to the multiple trace theory ?
in reconslidation : when the information is retrieved
35which type of memories are used in the multiple trace model ?
semantic but not episodic
36which traces become weaker ?
individual traces become weaker as time passes, while memory strengthens through multiple traces
37what are the three phenomena found in the reenters trace model ?
1. typicality effect
2. automatization
3. sematizacion of episodic memories
38what is the typicality effect ?
you have more memory traces of more frequent experiences
39what is automatization ?
enabled by obligatory retrieval of (many) older memory traces
40what is the semantization of episodic memories ?
when many memory traces are activated in concert , any unique episodic experience is drowned in the multitude of connections
41how was parallel distibution porcessing invented ?
as a criticism on semantic networks : vulnerability
42what does the vulnerability of semantic networks mean ?
is one node is damaged do all other links and nodes dissaper with it ?
43what is the solution of sematic network vulnerability ?
parallel processing
44what are the advantages of parallel processing ?
1. there is no specific locatin : the distribution representation across nodes
2. neutral networks : on the basis of feedback the strength of connections
45what are alternative names for paralle processing ?
connctionism
distributed networks
neutral networks
46what is error back propagation ?
the adjustment on weights
each unit encoded different
using same cells /different patterns
single cell , no information
inactive cell , as important as active ones
47what are the most important innovations ?
no local representatin
network can learn , basis of feedbac
allows algorithms
if few nodes are damaged , network will stay