1what is perception ?
a process of unconscious inference about what is where in the world
2what is the problem with perceptual system ?
it has a couple of limitations when making inferences
3why do we need attention ?
1. select information we need
2. block out information we do not need
4what are the facets of attention ?
1. selctive attenuation
2. divided attention
3. furthe distinctions
5what are the features of selective attention ?
focuses on one task
attention as filter of information
attention as a glue to bind features
6what is the divided attention ?
divided across multiple tasks
automatization
7what are some further distinctions ?
top down vs bottom up attention
overt vs covert attention
8what is selective attention ?
attention as a filter : relevant information gets processed further, irrelevant information is blocked
9where is this. filter located in the information stream ?
step 1 : stimulus → primary sensation
stept 2 : filter
step 3 : meaning of the object recognutuin
step 4 : motor initiation
step 5 : reaction
10what is dichotic listening ?
two messeges presented in 2 stream ( left / right )
only on eof the streams is porcessed , the other no evidence of memory
11what is Broadbent's filter theory ?
**people do not process unattended stimuli beyond the analysis of basic physical properties : only early selction ( male voice , pitch etc)**
12which messeges are filtered out in Broadbent's filter theory ?
all other messeges are blocked besides the main one
13what is the cocktail party effect ?
when you hear your own name in another stream of information you switch attention
14what is the " dear aunt jane effect "?
participants are inclined to follow the meaning of a message even if presented form different information streams
15what is the Deutsch and Deutsch theory ?
the filter is only after the meaning of the object and therefor memeory
it is considered unlikley
16what is Tireman's " leaky filter theory " ?
where selection occurs depends on the task (e.g. primary sensations / semantic level )
17what is the main characteristic in Tireman's theory ?
filter is attenuate not all or none
unattended message is not fully filtered out
18what is the most acceptable model of filter ?
the " leaky filter theory "
19how can attention be seen in vision ?
1. inattenuation blindness
20what is inattenuation blindness ?
if we have a " spatial shadowing task " we unattend the changes in the background ( gorilla , colour chage , player that left
21what is a spatial shadowing task?
a primary task that makes us focus on something specific
22what is divided attention ?
tasks that can be combined and done together while still paying attention
( riding a bike and having a conversation )
23how id the filter in a divided attention task ?
there are multiple pashways trough the filter , ( mutiple stimuli and multiple resposnes)
24what is the control room of the brain ?
the fronto parietal brain network
25what is the role of the fronto parietal brain network ?
consciousness processing
connect stimulus to a response
pay attention
deliberate ignoring
working memory
decision making
planning
26how to deal with more than one task ?
sequentially : switching from one task to another
task becomes automatic
27what will happen if a task will become automatised ?
they bypass " central processing" ( go from primary sensation to response directly )
28what is automatic processing ?
no awarness
no intention
no effort
29what are some examples of automatic processes ?
walking , reading , talking
30what is the stroop task ?
name the colour of the ink ignoring the word > strong automatic inferences
31what are automatic inferences ?
the automatisation ( naming the ink colour without reading the word )
32how does automaticity develop ?
1. consistent mapping much higher chance of automaticity
2. varied mapping
33what is consistent mapping ?
a target on any trial is never used as a distractor on any other trial
34what is varied mapping ?
a target on one trial can be used as a distractor on another trial
35when does automatic detection occur more often ?
in consistent mapping / NOT in varied mapping
36what is reverse learning ?
initial distractors become targets and vice versa
37what are the cases in which attention is directed to something ?
featured based attention
location based : spatial attention to a spatial location
object based attention : to an entire object
internally : to thoughts , memories (> working memory)
38what are the cases in which attention is driven by something ?
top down attention : goal driven attention , endogeneous
bottom up attention : stimulus driven attention, exogenous
39what is feature based attention ?
attention to a pshysical property of an object, such as color or shape
40what is single feature detection theory ?
easy
automatic
we can attand to colour or shape without too much effort
41what is the feature integration theory ?
stage one : to detect just features , no attention is needed
automatic , parallel, no effort
stage two : attention serves to bind features into objects
conjunctions are harder , need to look around , serial process
42what does the FIT theory tell us about the attention needed ?
top down in order to bind features
43what are free floating features ?
unattended features that are unboand
44what make a diference in the reaction time?
nr of objects as we need to either process in paeallel or serial
45what are illusionary conjunctions ?
incorrectly bound features
46who is patient RM ?
patient with bilateral parietal lesions
47what symtoms did patient RM show ?
high nr of illusionary conjuctions
48what does the top down spatial cue task tell us ?
we can direct attention to locations in space with no eye moevemnt
attention can be endogenously driven by our intentions : top down
49what is top down attention ?
**internal guidance of attention**
50what is bottom up attention ?
attention fom outside of the self
51what does the bottom up task show us ?
attention is exogenously drawn by the environment flashes : bottom up
52what is overt attention ?
usually attention precedes the behavioural overt expression > eye movement
53what is covert attention ?
in the spatial cueing task , attention is directed without eye movements