lecture 8 *PTA*

**how and why do people differ ........**

in how they percieve the world ?

how they interpet the world ?

in their values and goals ?

strategies and prefernecs for percieving and understanding the world

the substantive prerceptions and understanding of the perosn

filed dependence / independence

Mayers Briggers

structure cognitive styles

Meta analyisis

conforming to rules

sensitive to others

likes to communicate directly

creative

oriented to inner values

prefers to work alone

relaying on external frames of reference

relaying in internal frames of reference

line within a rectangel is shown and the instrucction to "adjust to vertical " positin

field independent while field dependent will move the ractangle in a wrong positin

field dependence indexed by low perofrmance, confounded with intelligence/motivation

field dependence vs independece may. not be bipolar

styles may be dimensional rather than types

after Jungs theory of cognitive functions , intuition , feelings and thinking

93 forced choice questionas , 16 types

correlates with Big5 ( except N )

very widely used (especially career counsling )

criticized for measurment issues and psychoanalyitic thoery

1. perception
2. memory
3. thought

1. **pattern recognition (**analyitic vs holistic )
2. **attention (**field depenvence / independence )

1. **codes (**verbal vs visual )
2. **organisation (**conceptual complexity )

1. **classification (**serial vs holistic )
2. **reasoning (**thight vs loose )
3. **judgement** (actuarial vs intuitive )

bridge between perosnality trits and intelligence

not dominat bound broad applicaions (decision making, education, career counsilg )

measuremnt problems

structure unclear


### Emotions and perosnality

1. categorical model
2. dimensional approach

fixed number of basic emotions

biological approach

universal across cultures due to survival value

1. disgust
2. anger
3. suprise
4. happiness
5. fear
6. sadness

FACTS : facial affect coding system

universal facial expression

1. Ekman
2. Frijdaa
3. Grat
4. Izard

desire happiness interest suprise wonder sorrow

motivation to take speocfic actions

rage terror anxiety joy

brain circuits

amger contempt disgust distress fear guilt interest joy shame surprise

motivation to take speocfic actions

Factor analysis on self ratings of affect : Typically two dimensions

core affect = coordinate in Valence x arousal space

each can be labeled as emotion

labeling subjective and learned ( culture e+ individual expirience )

emotion words not equal to emotions proper

valence and arousal not only meningful appraisal dimensions

valence and arousal not indipendent

valelnce and arousal are the basic stucture

than you give a name

becomes an emotion

by culture and personality

1) arise in response to an observed event/situation of great importance interest,

2) which is characterized by recursive causal effects (forward and
backwards) between multiple components that evaluate the
include event in terms of its significance to goals and values
of the individual,

3) lead to physiological responses, motor expressions and action tendencies;

4) this process is partially accessible to consciousness, resulting in feelings that

5) can be categorized and labeled by the individual in terms of their subjective conceptual structure