Biology and Cognition - Lecture 4
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1
what are the first month developments ?
1. folidng of outer back
2. formation of neural tube
3. cells around neural tube form the CNS
2. formation of neural tube
3. cells around neural tube form the CNS
2
what are the cortex developments ?
1. radia glia froms extension
2. CR celss place against pia matter
3. neurons climb to CR cells ( along radial glia)
4. CR cells + pia matter pushed outwards
2. CR celss place against pia matter
3. neurons climb to CR cells ( along radial glia)
4. CR cells + pia matter pushed outwards
3
where are the radia glia cells ?
in ventricular zone
4
how does the cortex develop itself ?
from inside out
5
what is cytodifferentiation ?
the development of specialized cells
6
what types of cytodifferentiaon are there ?
1. asymmetric cell dividion
2. symmetric cell division
2. symmetric cell division
7
whta is the asymetric cell dividion?
**stem cell produces one differentiated cell and one stem cell**
new progenitor + radial glia cell / CR cell / neuron
new progenitor + radial glia cell / CR cell / neuron
8
what is the symmetric cell division ?
**stem cell produces two differentiated cells or two stem cells**
9
when will a synapse go away ?
when said synapse is not paired
10
what is te first stage of brain develoment ?
1. forebrain
2. midbrain
3. hindbrain
4. contact to spinal cord
2. midbrain
3. hindbrain
4. contact to spinal cord
11
what is the midbrain ?
information form the body
12
what does the hindbrain do ?
most basi : heartrate and breathing
13
what is the second stage of brain development ?
1. two hemispheres
2. thalamus
3. cerebellum
4. contact to spinal cord
2. thalamus
3. cerebellum
4. contact to spinal cord
14
what are the two hemispheres called ?
telencephalon
15
what is the thalamus called?
mesencephalon
16
what is the cerebellum called ?
methencephalon
17
what is the contact with the spine called ?
myelinchpehalon
18
how long does it take the brain to be 95% the same as an adult brain ?
5 years
19
where is the rostral or anterior for animals ?
head
20
where is the caudal or posterior for animals ?
the tail
21
where is the vental for animals ?
belly
22
where is the dorsal for animals ?
back
23
where is the dorsal for humans ?
head
24
where is the caudal or posterior for humas ?
feet
25
where is the rostral or anterior for humans ?
the face
26
where is the dorsal II for humas ?
the butt
27
what anatomical lanes exis ?
1. saggital
2. coronal
3. transvese
2. coronal
3. transvese
28
which is the saggital plane ?
like a profile picture
29
which is the coronal plane ?
from behind
30
which is the transverse plane ?
de sus
31
what is the structure of the nervous system ?
1. central nervous sytem
2. peripheral nervous sytem
2. peripheral nervous sytem
32
what does the central nervous sytem contain ?
the brain and spinal cord
33
what strucures does the brain have ?
1. forebrain
2. thalamus and hypothallamus
3. little brain
4. midbrain
5. extended marrow
6. pineal chord
2. thalamus and hypothallamus
3. little brain
4. midbrain
5. extended marrow
6. pineal chord
34
what structures does the peripheral nervous system contain ?
12 cranial nerves
31 pairs spinal nerves
31 pairs spinal nerves
35
to what does the spinal cord extend ?
to lumbar regions
36
with what is the column filled ?
spinal fluid
37
what is the afferent information path ?
the sensory path
38
what is the efferent information path ?
the motor path
39
what are the motor nerves ?
1. 4. 6. eyes
5. jaw
7. face and taste
9. throat and taste
11. neck
12. tongue
5. jaw
7. face and taste
9. throat and taste
11. neck
12. tongue
40
what are the sensory nerves ?
1. smell
2. vision
5. face
1. taste
8. hearing and balance
9.taste
10. internal organs
2. vision
5. face
1. taste
8. hearing and balance
9.taste
10. internal organs
41
what are the functions of the cerebellum ?
motor control
timing
balance
timing
balance
42
what is the brain region that slows down when you drink ?
cerebellum
43
what is the role of the thalamus ?
rely station for transferring sensory information to cortex
44
what is the role of hypothalamus ?
hormone secretion via pituitary gland autonomic system, the 4 F's of survival
45
what are the 4 F's?
fighting
feeding
fleeing
mating
feeding
fleeing
mating
46
what is the basal ganglia ?
the set of 3 nuclei
47
what is the role pf the basal ganglia ?
1. motor control
2. motor learning
2. motor learning
48
what are the 3 nuclei in the basal ganglia ?
1. putamen
2. caudate nucleus
3. globus pallidus
2. caudate nucleus
3. globus pallidus
49
what are cortex cerebri ?
hills and valleys ( the points of meeting between the brain regions : the folds)
what are the main cortex cerebri ?
1. central suclulus
2. peroccipital notch
3. parieto occipital suculus
4. corpus collostrum
what are the main cortex cerebri ?
1. central suclulus
2. peroccipital notch
3. parieto occipital suculus
4. corpus collostrum
50
where is the central suculus ?
between frontal and parietal lobes
51
where is the parieto occipital suculus ?
between parietal and occipital lobes
52
where is the preoccipital notch ?
between occipital and temporal lobes
53
where is the corpus collostrum ?
between the left and right hemisphere
54
what is cytoarchitecture ?
Broma's 52 areas theory
55
what are the areas in Broman's theory devided based ?
1. cell morphology
2. cell density
2. cell density
56
what are the primary cortexis specialized in ?
motor
somatosensory
auditory
visual
somatosensory
auditory
visual
57
what are the association cortices ?
they combine information
58
what is the relation between association and motor cortices ?
1. motor association cortex : motor plan
2. motor cortex : motor plan execution
3. sensory cortex : touch perception
4. sensory association cortex : combine sensation of
2. motor cortex : motor plan execution
3. sensory cortex : touch perception
4. sensory association cortex : combine sensation of
59
what is the ventricular system ?
**set of four interconnected cavities known as cerebral ventricles in the brain**
60
what is the role of the ventricular system ?
weight reduction +shock absorber
61
how does the CSF circulation work ?
produced by chlorid plexus
62
where is it created ?
in ventricles form blood plasma
63
how is the circulation fluid removed ?
by arachnoid granulations in superior sagittal sinus
64
what is hydrocephalus ?
Narrowing cerebral aqueduct results in hydrocephalus
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