1Bilabial
Both lips (p,b,m,w).
2Labiodental
Bottom lip + top teeth (f,v).
3Interdental
Tongue between teeth (θ as in think, ð as in this).
4Alveolar
Tongue tip on the ridge behind upper teeth (t,d,s,z,n,l).
5Post-Alveolar (Palatal)
Tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge (ʃ as in shoe, ʒ as in vision, tʃ as in cheap, dʒ as in jeep).
6Velar
Back of tongue + soft palate (k,g,ŋ as in sing).
7Stop (Plosive)
Complete blockage of air, then release (p,b,t,d,k,g).
8Fricative
Partial blockage, creating turbulent/hissing air (f,v,s,z,h,θ,ð,ʃ,ʒ).
9Affricate
Begins as a stop, releases as a fricative (tʃ,dʒ).
10Nasal
Air flows through the nose; velum is lowered (m,n,ŋ).
11Liquid
Smooth airflow, tongue blocks only part of the mouth (l,r).
12Glide
Very little obstruction, almost a vowel (w,j as in yes).