Forensic Biology and Serology

The application of biological sciences to the identification, examination, and interpretation of biological evidence in legal investigations.

The examination of blood and other biological fluids using biological, chemical, and immunological methods for forensic purposes.

A cell containing a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

To contain most of the cell's genetic material and regulate many cellular activities.

To produce much of the cell's usable energy through cellular respiration and maintain their own mitochondrial DNA.

To form a selective boundary regulating movement of substances into and out of the cell.

A group of cells and associated extracellular material organized to perform related functions.

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

Tissue that covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms many glands.

Tissue that supports, binds, protects, or connects structures and includes blood, bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue.

The liquid portion of circulating blood containing water, proteins, electrolytes, and dissolved substances.

The liquid remaining after blood has clotted and the clot has been separated, generally lacking fibrinogen consumed during clotting.

Plasma is obtained from anticoagulated blood and retains clotting factors; serum is obtained after clot formation.

Red blood cells responsible primarily for transporting oxygen and contributing to carbon dioxide transport.

White blood cells involved in immune defense and inflammatory responses.

Platelets, which participate in hemostasis and blood clot formation.

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen.

An iron-containing molecular group within hemoglobin and certain other proteins.

They lose their nuclei during maturation and therefore lack nuclear chromosomes.

Nucleated white blood cells.

The proportion of whole blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

The physiological process that limits bleeding through vascular responses, platelet activity, and coagulation.

An insoluble protein formed during coagulation that stabilizes a blood clot.

A molecular structure recognized by an antibody or an antigen receptor of the immune system.

An immunoglobulin produced by B-lineage cells that specifically binds an antigen.

The specific binding of an antibody to a corresponding antigen.

The visible clumping of particles or cells caused by interactions such as antigen-antibody binding.

The formation of an insoluble complex when suitable soluble antigens and antibodies interact.

A classification based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells.

A antigens.

B antigens.

Both A and B antigens.

Neither A nor B antigens.

A red blood cell antigen whose presence generally classifies a person as RhD-positive.

No. Many unrelated people share the same ABO blood group.

Under suitable conditions, it may help exclude a proposed source, although limitations and sample quality must be considered.

A test using antigen-antibody interactions and capillary flow through a test strip or membrane.

An immunological method using enzyme-linked detection to measure or identify an antigen or antibody.

A positive test response when the target substance or condition is actually absent.

A negative test response despite the target substance or condition being present.

The proportion of truly positive samples correctly classified as positive under specified conditions.

The proportion of truly negative samples correctly classified as negative under specified conditions.

Analytical specificity concerns a method's ability to distinguish its target from interfering substances; diagnostic specificity concerns correct classification of truly negative cases.

An examination intended to determine whether biological material originated from humans or another species.

Immunological differentiation of biological proteins by species, including assessment of whether a blood sample may be of human origin.

It is a presumptive screening method based on enzyme activity that may be elevated in seminal fluid.

A protein associated with prostatic secretions that may be detected in tests used to support the identification of seminal fluid.

PSA is a protein marker and may be detected even when sperm cells are absent.

The initial reaction was not sufficient to establish blood identification; possible interference or other explanations should be evaluated.

No. ABO typing provides class-level information and cannot uniquely attribute the blood to that suspect.