Science - Physics

Electricity is the flow of electric charge that powers various devices and technologies in everyday life.

The two main types of circuits are series and parallel circuits.

In a series circuit, all components are connected in a single path, so the current flows through each component sequentially.

In a parallel circuit, components are connected on multiple paths, allowing the current to flow through multiple components simultaneously.

An ammeter is used to measure current in a circuit.

A voltmeter is used to measure voltage in a circuit.

Current can be likened to the flow of water through pipes, where more flow represents higher current.

Ohm’s Law states that the current in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance.

According to Ohm's Law, current equals voltage divided by resistance.

The units are amperes (A) for current, volts (V) for voltage, and ohms (Ω) for resistance.

Speed is the rate of motion, while velocity includes both the speed and direction of motion.

Speed is calculated by dividing the distance traveled by the time taken (speed = distance / time).

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity over time.

Speed-time graphs show how an object's speed changes over time, indicating acceleration or deceleration.

Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken.

Instantaneous speed is the speed of an object at a specific point in time.

Newton’s First Law states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.

Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.

Newton’s Second Law states that force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma).

Mass is the amount of matter in an object, while weight is the force of gravity acting on that mass.

Newton’s Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

A rocket moves upward because it pushes exhaust gases downward, demonstrating equal and opposite reactions.

The law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

Kinetic energy is energy due to motion, while potential energy is stored energy due to position.

GPE is calculated as mass times gravity times height (GPE = mgh).

Kinetic energy is calculated as half the mass times the square of the velocity (KE = ½ mv²).

Energy transfer is the movement of energy from one object to another, such as heat transfer.

Energy transformation is the change of energy from one form to another, like potential energy to kinetic energy.

Higher efficiency means less energy is lost, making systems more sustainable and cost-effective.

Work done is the amount of energy transferred when a force moves an object over a distance.

SI units are meters per second (m/s) for speed and velocity, and meters per second squared (m/s²) for acceleration.

A ticker-timer marks intervals on tape to show changes in speed and helps analyze constant, increasing, or decreasing motion.

Acceleration is calculated as the change in velocity divided by time taken.

The area under a speed-time graph represents the distance traveled by the object.

The area under a velocity-time graph represents the displacement of the object.

Instantaneous velocity is the velocity of an object at a specific moment in time.

Seatbelts prevent passengers from continuing forward due to inertia when a car stops suddenly.

Understanding Newton’s Laws helps athletes optimize force and motion, enhancing performance in activities like jumping and sprinting.

Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object’s mass.

Terminal velocity is the constant speed reached by an object when gravitational force is balanced by air resistance.

A vector diagram uses arrows to represent forces, with direction and magnitude indicated.

A change in velocity occurs due to acceleration, which may be caused by a force altering speed or direction.

Force is an interaction that changes the motion of an object, measured in newtons (N).

Potential energy is stored energy based on an object’s position, like height above the ground.

Kinetic energy is the energy of an object in motion, proportional to its mass and the square of its speed.

On a roller coaster, potential energy at the top transforms into kinetic energy as it descends, conserving total energy.

Energy transfer involves energy moving between objects, while transformation is a change in energy type, like potential to kinetic.